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Stein, M.D.; Urdaneta, M.E.; and Clarke, J.
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Appendix B -- Glossary
Abstinence:
Complete cessation of substance-using behavior.
Acute retroviral syndrome:
An array of symptoms that arises after initial infection with HIV that includes fever, sore throat, swollen glands, muscle and joint pain, nausea, and rash.
Adherence:
Strict observation of a prescribed treatment regimen, including correct dosage and number of doses per day, as well as taking doses with or without food or other medications.
Agranulocytosis:
A sudden, severe drop in white blood cell count that can occur upon the administration of certain HIV medications.
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome):
AIDS is the end stage of HIV disease and is characterized by a severe reduction in CD4+ T cells. At this point, an infected person has a very weak immune system and is vulnerable to contracting life-threatening infections.
Antiretroviral:
A medication that weakens or halts the reproduction of retroviruses such as HIV.
Blood-brain barrier:
A physical barrier between the blood vessels and the brain that only allows certain substances to pass through and enter the brain.
CD4+ T cell count:
The number of CD4+ T cells in a milliliter of blood. These cells (white blood cells within the immune system) are constantly measured in HIV-infected clients because their number reflects the overall health of the immune system.
Case finding:
A component of outreach that identifies individuals at higher risk for HIV infection and that stresses HIV/AIDS prevention, along with the distribution of items to facilitate compliance with risk reduction techniques.
Combination therapy:
The treatment of HIV disease with multiple medications. Combinations of three or more different medicines are used to treat a client, with each medicine working in a different way to stop the virus. While this is the most effective treatment to date, once combination therapy is begun, it must not be stopped because the virus could then develop resistance to these medications.
Cross-resistance:
Resistance that can develop in the HIV virus once a medication from a certain class is used (e.g., protease inhibitors, nucleosides) to treat it. The virus not only becomes resistant to one particular drug but also becomes resistant to some or all of the other drugs from that class. For this reason, it is widely believed that the best chance for success in HIV treatment is with the first treatment regimen.
Cultural competence:
An aspect of treatment that takes into account the cultural heritage of the client. Culturally competent providers recognize the customs, beliefs, and social forms of the racial, religious, or social group to which the client belongs and work within these parameters to interact successfully with the client.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV):
Any of the group of herpes viruses that appear as opportunistic infections in patients with HIV disease, generally in the latter stages of AIDS. CMV most commonly causes retinitis, which can lead to blindness if untreated, and may also cause gastrointestinal, adrenal, pulmonary, and other systemic problems.
Drug interaction:
The positive or negative effect that one medication has on another when an HIV-infected client is taking both.
Endocarditis:
Bacterial endocarditis is a well-recognized complication of unsterile injection drug use that produces inflammation of the endocardium (the lining of the heart). It can also appear as an HIV-related opportunistic infection.
HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy):
Aggressive combination therapy that usually includes a powerful protease inhibitor medication.
Harm reduction:
An approach to treatment that emphasizes incremental decreases in substance abuse or HIV risk behaviors as treatment goals. This method attempts to keep clients in treatment even if complete abstinence is not achieved.
Herpes zoster (shingles):
A virus that often appears as an initial indication of HIV disease and begins with itching or pain on only one side of the face or body, followed by a rash that looks like chicken pox or poison ivy.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus):
The retrovirus that causes AIDS in humans. HIV is transmitted through direct contact with human bodily fluids; roughly 10 years after infection, AIDS-defining conditions begin to occur. AIDS is characterized by a severe reduction in CD4+ T cells, which greatly weakens the immune system and leaves the patient vulnerable to contracting life-threatening infections. New medicines can control HIV and extend the life of the patient; however, AIDS is inevitably fatal.
Homophobia:
An irrational aversion to gay men and lesbians and to their lifestyle.
Hospice:
A program or facility that provides care for clients in the last stages of a terminal disease such as AIDS and creates a compassionate environment in which clients can die peacefully.
Leukoplakia:
A virus that causes white patches in the mouth and is one of the initial indications of HIV infection.
Lymphadenopathy:
Swollen lymph nodes, the most common symptom during the HIV latency period. The lymph nodes can be found around the neck and under the arms and contain cells that fight infections. When an infection is present, lymph nodes usually swell. Inside the lymph nodes HIV is trapped and destroyed, but eventually the HIV breaks down the tissue of the nodes and spills into the rest of the body.
Monotherapy:
Treatment of HIV infection with only one medication, usually AZT. This was the standard treatment for HIV before 1995 and is now outdated.
MSMs:
Men who have sex with men.
Neutropenia:
Bone marrow suppression, which can occur upon the administration of certain HIV medications.
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI):
A type of medication that binds to HIV's reverse transcriptase enzyme and stops the virus from replicating. NNRTI medications include delaviridine, efavirenz, and nevirapine.
Nucleoside analog:
A drug that mimics HIV's genetic material and halts it from reproducing. This class of drugs includes AZT, abacavir, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and lamivudine.
Opportunistic infection:
An infection that usually does not harm a healthy person but that can cause a life-threatening illness in someone with a compromised immune system.
Perinatal HIV transmission (vertical transmission):
Transmission of HIV from a mother to her child either in the uterus, during birth, or through breast-feeding.
Peripheral neuropathy:
A condition in which the peripheral nerves of the hands or feet are afflicted, producing numbness, tingling, pain, or weakness.
Phlebotomy:
The act of drawing blood.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP):
PCP is the most common AIDS-related infection and is characterized by a dry cough, fever, night sweats, and increasing shortness of breath. Since the late 1980s, the widespread use of PCP prophylaxis has resulted in a dramatic decrease in the incidence of this opportunistic infection. However, despite the availability of effective prophylaxis, PCP is still the most common opportunistic infection; many patients who develop PCP are unaware of their HIV status and hence are not receiving prophylaxis.
Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP):
Antiretroviral therapy that is administered within 72 hours after exposure to HIV in an attempt to eradicate the virus from the body.
Protease inhibitor:
One of a powerful class of drugs used in combination therapy that acts by interfering with the protease enzyme that cuts HIV proteins into the small pieces required to create new copies of the virus. This slows or halts the replication of HIV. Protease inhibitors include indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir.
Reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI):
A drug that halts HIV replication by interfering with the reverse transcriptase enzyme used by the HIV virus to transform its genetic material into a form that can be used to produce more viruses. This class of drugs includes nucleoside analogs like AZT and lamivudine.
Risk reduction:
An approach to treatment that emphasizes graduated behavior change rather than immediate abstinence. By identifying areas of risk in the client's life, such as sexual risk or needle sharing, the provider can discuss strategies with the client for avoiding or reducing them.
SEPs:
Syringe exchange programs.
Seroprevalence:
Frequency of presence of antibodies in blood serum as a result of infection.
STDs:
Sexually transmitted diseases.
Substance:
A drug of abuse, a medication, or a toxin.
Substance abuse:
A pattern of substance use that results in harmful consequences for the abuser. This condition is not as severe as substance dependence.
Substance dependence:
Repeated self-administration of a substance that usually results in tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive substance-abusing behavior.
Thrush:
Oral candidiasis, or thrush, is a symptom of initial HIV infection and usually appears as white plaques at the back of the mouth. Without treatment, thrush often spreads throughout the mouth and can affect the esophagus in persons with advanced disease, leading to severe pain on swallowing and the need for prolonged systemic treatment.
Toxoplasmosis:
An AIDS-defining symptom caused by infection with the protozoan toxoplasma and one of the two most common brain infections in HIV. Toxoplasmosis, which produces seizures, usually does not appear until a client's CD4+ T cell count drops below 100.
Triple combination therapy:
Treatment involving three medications, which can lower the rate of disease progression and mortality more than can two medicines alone. Triple combination therapy was developed after combination-resistant forms of HIV began to appear.
Viral load:
The level of HIV circulating in the bloodstream. This level becomes very high soon after initial infection, then drops until it returns with the onset of AIDS. Drug therapy can keep viral load low or undetectable, but the client can still infect others since the virus still exists--it is simply not visible. Even when testing reveals a low viral load, HIV continues to live inside certain cells in the body and can begin reproducing at any time if the infected person is not on effective treatment. If a person is not in treatment, HIV produces billions of new virions (viral particles) every day.
Appendix C -- 1993 Revised Classification System For HIV Infection and Expanded AIDS Surveillance Case Definition For Adolescents and Adults
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1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and
Expanded AIDS Surveillance Case Definition for Adolescents and Adults |
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CD4+ T cells |
Clinical Categories |
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(A) Symptomatic, Acute (Primary) HIV or PGL* |
(B) CD4+ T cells Symptomatic, Not (A) or (C) Conditions |
(C) AIDS-Indicator Conditions |
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(1) >500/mL |
A1 |
B1 |
C1 |
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(2) 200-499/mL |
A2 |
B2 |
C2 |
|
(3) <200/mL |
>A3 |
B3 |
C3 |
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(Shaded area indicates that the individual has AIDS.) |
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CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Categories
The three CD4+ T-lymphocyte categories are defined as follows:
- Category 1: >500/mL
- Category 2: 200-499/mL
- Category 3: <200/mL
These categories correspond to CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts per mL of blood and guide clinical and therapeutic actions in the management of HIV-infected adolescents and adults. The revised HIV classification system also allows for the use of the percentage of CD4+ T cells.
HIV-infected persons should be classified based on existing guidelines for the medical management of HIV-infected persons. Thus, the lowest accurate, but not necessarily the most recent, CD4+ T lymphocyte count should be used for classification purposes.
Clinical Categories
The clinical categories of HIV infection are defined as follows:
Category A
Category A consists of one or more of the conditions listed below in an adolescent or adult (> 13 years) with documented HIV infection. Conditions listed in Categories B and C must not have occurred.
- Asymptomatic HIV infection
- Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
- Acute (primary) HIV infection with accompanying illness or history of acute HIV infection
Category B
Category B consists of symptomatic conditions in an HIV-infected adolescent or adult that are not included among conditions listed in clinical Category C and that meet at least one of the following criteria:
- The conditions are attributed to HIV infection or indicate a defect in cell-mediated immunity
- The conditions are considered by physicians to have a clinical course or to require management that is complicated by HIV infection. Examples of conditions in clinical Category B include, but are not limited to
- Bacillary angiomatosis
- Candidiasis, oropharyngeal (thrush)
- Candidiasis, vulvovaginal: persistent, frequent, or poorly responsive to therapy
- Cervical dysplasia (moderate or severe)/cervical carcinoma in situ
- Constitutional symptoms, such as fever (38.5_ C) or diarrhea lasting >1 month
- Hairy leukoplakia, oral
- Herpes zoster (shingles), involving at least two distinct episodes or more than one dermatome
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Listeriosis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease, particularly if complicated by tubo-ovarian abscess
- Peripheral neuropathy
For classification purposes, Category B conditions take precedence over those in Category A. For example, someone previously treated for oral or persistent vaginal candidiasis (and who has not developed a Category C disease) but who is now asymptomatic should be classified in clinical Category B.
Category C
Category C includes the clinical conditions listed in the AIDS surveillance case definition (below). For classification purposes, once a Category C condition occurs, the person will remain in Category C.
- Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lungs
- Candidiasis, esophageal
- Cervical cancer, invasive*
- Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
- Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary
- Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal (>1 month's duration)
- Cytomegalovirus disease (other than liver, spleen, or nodes)
- Cytomegalovirus retinitis (with loss of vision)
- Encephalopathy, HIV-related
- Herpes simplex: chronic ulcer(s) (>1 month's duration); or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis
- Histoplasmosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
- Isosporiasis, chronic intestinal (>1 month's duration)
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- Lymphoma, Burkitt's (or equivalent term)
- Lymphoma, immunoblastic (or equivalent term)
- Lymphoma, primary, of brain
- Mycobacterium avium complex or M. kansasii, disseminated or extrapulmonary
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, any site (pulmonary or extrapulmonary)
- Mycobacterium, other species or unidentified species, disseminated or extrapulmonary
- Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
- Pneumonia, recurrent**
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- Pulmonary pneumonia
- Salmonella septicemia, recurrent
- Toxoplasmosis of brain
- Wasting syndrome due to AIDS
*This expanded definition requires laboratory confirmation of HIV infection in persons with a CD4+T lymphocyte count of fewer than 200 cells/mL or with an added clinical condition.
**Added as AIDS-defining illness in the 1993 expansion of the AIDS surveillance case definition, when occurring in persons with HIV infection.
Source: Castro et al., 1992.
Appendix D --Screening Instruments
Symptoms Checklist
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Symptoms Checklist |
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Symptom |
Question/Action |
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Amsler Grid Test
This instrument is an effective screening tool for early detection of
cytomegalovirus. An Amsler grid can help you monitor your central visual field.
It can detect early and subtle visual changes resulting from several macular
diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema.
It is also helpful in tracking changes in vision once they have been
discovered. The Amsler grid tests each eye separately. This helps you to
recognize visual symptoms that are only in one eye. 
The above are examples of two different Amsler grids. Both are useful for monitoring central vision. The grid on the right is a modified Amsler grid (Yannuzzi card) intended to be carried in the wallet or purse for daily self-assessment.
Instructions
- Test your vision with sufficient lighting.
- Wear your reading glasses or look through the reading portion of your bifocals (if you normally read with spectacles).
- Hold the Amsler grid at normal reading distance (about 14 inches).
- Cover one eye at a time with the palm of your hand.
- Stare at the center dot of the chart at all times.
- Do not let your eye drift from the center dot.
Ask yourself the following questions as you check each eye separately:
- Are any of the lines crooked or bent?
- Are any of the boxes different in size or shape from the others?
- Are any of the lines wavy, missing, blurry, or discolored?
Note: If using a rectangular card like the one on the right above (Yannuzzi card), you should check each eye with the card held both vertically and horizontally.
If the answer to any of these questions is "yes" (and this is a new finding for you), you should contact your doctor immediately for an examination. Sometimes these changes may mean that there is leakage in the back of the eye causing swelling of the retina.
Examples of Abnormal Amsler Grids
Appendix E -- Sample Codes of Ethics
Code of Ethics for Programs Treating Persons With HIV/AIDS And Substance Abuse Disorders
Nondiscrimination
- In accordance with Federal and State law, this program accords all persons equal access to its facilities and services without regard to race, color, ancestry, or national origin.
- In accordance with Federal and State law, this program accords all persons equal access to its facilities and services without regard to handicap, unless such handicap would render treatment nonbeneficial or hazardous to the patient or others.
- In accordance with Federal and State law, this program accords all persons equal access to its facilities and services without regard to age or gender. (Or: In accordance with Federal and State law, this program accords all women, men, and adolescents equal access to its facilities and services without regard to gender or age.)
- This program makes reasonable modifications in policies, practices, and procedures and/or provides assistive services to accommodate clients who are unable to participate in treatment due to language, cultural, or literacy barriers or disabilities, unless doing so would fundamentally alter the nature of the services offered.
- This program offers referral to appropriate service providers for all individuals not admitted to treatment, without regard to race, color, ancestry, national origin, handicap, age, or gender, in accordance with Federal and State law.
Respect for Client Autonomy
- This program respects each client's right to be fully informed about treatment and to make informed treatment decisions. This program provides clients with the information that is reasonably necessary to permit them to make informed decisions regarding treatment, including the information that participation in treatment is voluntary and clients have the right to refuse to participate. If consequences such as termination from other services or benefits or revocation of parole may result from refusal to consent to or continue treatment, the program will so inform the client at the time the client refuses to participate.
- This program respects each client's right to participate in an informed way, alone or with family members or others of his choosing, in planning his participation in treatment and medical services and reviewing progress toward treatment goals.
Confidentiality and Accuracy Of Records
- This program respects the rights of all clients to confidentiality of all records, correspondence, and information relating to assessment, diagnosis, and treatment in accordance with 42 U.S.C. _290dd-2, 42 CFR Part 2, and State law.
- This program respects the client's right to review and copy his/her records in accordance with State law and regulation and program policy.
- This program respects the rights of all clients to request the correction of inaccurate, irrelevant, outdated, or incomplete information in their records and to submit rebuttal information or memoranda for inclusion in their records.
Competent and Humane Treatment
- This program is dedicated to providing competent and humane services to clients; it recognizes that delivery of competent services requires staff with the knowledge, skill, time, attentiveness, and preparation reasonably necessary to assist clients to achieve their goals for health improvements and recovery from substance abuse.
- This program's employees treat all clients with consideration, respect, and full recognition of their dignity and individuality.
- This program will not permit any client to perform any labor at the program, as a volunteer or in lieu of fees, that is not called for by the client's treatment plan, unless the client agrees in writing and the arrangement complies with regulations of all State agencies sharing oversight of the program.
- This program will not permit any client to participate in any experimental or research project without the full knowledge, understanding, and written consent of that client (and/or legal guardian, when appropriate).
- This program will not participate in any experimental or research project unless it is conducted in full compliance with applicable State and Federal laws, regulations, and guidelines.
- No employee or board member of this program shall
- Enter into any financial relationship with any client
- Have a sexual relationship with any client
- No employee of this program shall interfere with any client's
- Right to seek or have access to legal counsel
- Exercise of any right accorded by program policy or State law or regulation.
- (For residential programs) No employee of this program shall interfere with any client's right to
- Visit with family and friends in accordance with the program's written rules
- Conduct private telephone conversations in accordance with the program's written rules
- Send and receive uncensored and unopened mail, except that employees may open and inspect a client's mail or package in the client's presence or when the client is not present if the client has consented
- Wear his or her own clothing in accordance with program rules
- Bring personal belongings, subject to limitation or supervision by the program
- Communicate with a personal physician
- Practice her personal religion or attend religious services, within the program's policies and guidelines
Client Orientation
- All clients entering this program shall be provided with an orientation to the program at or before the time of admission or as soon thereafter as possible.
- The orientation shall include the following information:
- The program's purpose, a description of the treatment process, and a summary of the medical and other services the program offers
- Clients' rights as provided by State law and regulations and by 42 CFR Part 2, as outlined in 42 CFR _2.22
- Clients' responsibilities in the program, including fees, if any
- The program's hours of operation
- Relevant program policies, including rules that govern client conduct and the infractions that might result in disciplinary action or discharge
- The program's grievance procedures
- Additional areas covered by program policy
- (For residential programs) information about policies governing visitation, the sending and receiving of mail, and the use of the telephone
- This program will post a copy of the above information in a place accessible to all clients.
Grievance Procedures
- This program has a written procedure for hearing, considering, responding to, and documenting client grievances.
- The written procedure includes
- Client behavior that constitutes grounds for discharge by the program; and
- The name, telephone numbers, and address of the State health/substance abuse official in charge of consumer relations.
- The written grievance procedure will be given to each client and/or his representative upon admission and posted in a place accessible to clients. The grievance procedure shall be available to former clients, upon request.
Discharge Policy
- This program has a written policy that specifies conditions under which clients may be discharged.
- The written discharge policy includes:
- Client behavior that may constitute grounds for involuntary discharge
- Procedures consistent with 42 CFR _2.12(c)(5) that staff shall follow when discharging a client involved in the commission of a crime on the premises of the agency or against its staff, including designation of the person who shall make a report to the appropriate law enforcement agency
- Procedures consistent with 42 CFR Part 2 that staff must follow when a client leaves against medical or staff advice and the client may be dangerous to self or others
Code of Ethics for Therapists and Counselors Who Treat Persons With HIV/AIDS And Substance Abuse Disorders
Nondiscrimination
- Therapists and counselors should accord all persons equal access to program facilities and services without regard to race, color, ancestry, or national origin, in accordance with Federal and State law.
- Therapists and counselors should accord all persons equal access to program facilities and services without regard to handicap, unless such handicap would render treatment nonbeneficial or hazardous to the patient or others, in accordance with Federal and State law and program policy.
- Therapists and counselors should accord all persons equal access to program facilities and services without regard to age or gender, in accordance with Federal and State law, unless they are employed by a program that holds itself out as specializing in a specific age group or gender.
Respect for Client Autonomy
- Therapists and counselors should respect each client's right to be fully informed about treatment and to make informed treatment decisions.
- Therapists and counselors should provide clients with the information that is reasonably necessary to permit them to make informed decisions regarding treatment, including the information that participation in treatment is voluntary and clients have the right to refuse to participate. Therapists and counselors should inform clients if consequences such as termination from other services or benefits or revocation of parole may result from refusal to consent to or continue treatment.
- Therapists and counselors should respect each client's right to participate in an informed way, alone or with family members or others of her choosing, in planning the receipt of and involvement with treatment and medical services and the review of progress toward treatment goals.
Confidentiality and Accuracy Of Records
- Therapists and counselors should be guided in their dealings with clients and others by the knowledge that confidentiality of information is of the utmost importance to persons with HIV/AIDS and substance abuse disorders.
- Therapists and counselors should respect the right of all clients to confidentiality of all records, correspondence, and information relating to assessment, diagnosis, and treatment in accordance with 42 U.S.C. _290dd-2, 42 CFR Part 2, and State law.
- Therapists and counselors should respect the client's right to review and copy her records in accordance with State law and regulation and program policy.
- Therapists and counselors should respect the rights of all clients to request the correction of inaccurate, irrelevant, outdated, or incomplete information in their records and to submit rebuttal information or memoranda for inclusion in their records.
- Therapists and counselors should not induce or permit a client to participate in any experimental or research project without the full knowledge, understanding, and written consent of that client (and/or legal guardian, when appropriate).
Competent and Humane Treatment
- Therapists and counselors should provide services only to those clients they can serve in a competent manner and should refrain from counseling any client when they lack the knowledge, skill, time, attentiveness, and preparation reasonably necessary to assist that client to achieve treatment goals.
- Therapists and counselors should be familiar with
- Their programs' policies and procedures
- State and Federal rules and regulations governing their professions and programs
- Any codes of ethics governing their profession
- Therapists and counselors should treat all clients with consideration, respect, and full recognition of their dignity and individuality.
- No therapist or counselor shall
- Enter into any financial relationship with any client
- Have a sexual relationship with any client
- No therapist or counselor shall interfere with any client's
- Right to seek or have access to legal counsel
- Exercise of any right accorded by program policy or State law or regulation
- (For those working in residential programs) No therapist or counselor shall interfere with any client's right to
- Visit with family and friends in accordance with the program's written rules
- Conduct private telephone conversations in accordance with the program's written rules
- Send and receive uncensored and unopened mail, except that staff may open and inspect a client's mail or package in the client's presence or when the client is not present if the client has consented
- Wear his own clothing in accordance with program rules
- Bring personal belongings, subject to limitation or supervision by the program
- Communicate with a personal physician
- Practice his personal religion or attend religious services, within the program's policies and guidelines
Appendix F -- AIDS-Related Web Sites
INFORMATION SOURCES
The National AIDS Treatment Information Project
http://www.natip.org/index.html
The Measurement Group
www.themeasurementgroup.com
JAMA HIV-AIDS information center
http://www.ama-assn.org/special/ hiv/hivhome.htm
Critical Path AIDS Project
http://www.critpath.org/critpath.htm
HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS)
http://www.hivatis.org
AIDS Clinical Trial Information Service (ATCTIS)
http://www.actis.org
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
http://www.cdc.gov
SFAF/BETA
San Francisco AIDS Foundation home page
http://www.sfaf.org
Bulletin of Experimental Treatments for AIDS
http://www.sfaf.org/beta
Spanish BETA
http://www.sfaf.org/betaespanol/
Positive News/Noticias Positivas
http://www.sfaf.org/treatment/positivenews/
Other online sources of BETA:
http://www.critpath.org/newsletters/beta
http://www.aegis.com/search/
LIBRARIES
National Library of Medicine/MEDLINE
http://www.nlm.nih.gov
Internet Grateful Med
http://access.nlm.nih.gov -or- http://igm.nlm.nih.gov
JAMA AIDSLINE search
http://www.healthgate.com/choice/AMA/search.html
Medscape HIV/AIDS
http://HIV.medscape.com/Home/Topics/AIDS/AIDS.html
Medscape MEDLINE search
http://www.medscape.com/Clinical/Misc/ FormMedlineInfLive.mhtml
HealthGate MEDLINE search
http://www.healthgate.com/HealthGate/MEDLINE/search.shtml
San Francisco Public Library
http://sfpl.lib.ca.us
UCSF Library (Galen)
http://www.library.ucsf.edu
University of San Francisco Library
http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/
New York Online Access to Health (NOAH)
http://www.noah.cuny.edu/
AIDS-SPECIFIC SITES
AEGIS: AIDS Education Global Information System
http://www.aegis.com/
AIDS Action Committee's subject bibliography to HIV literature
http:www.aac.org/hivtreat/index/subj.html
AIDS NYC
http://www.aidsnyc.org
Asian and Pacific Island Coalition on HIV/AIDS
http://www.aidsinfonyc.org/apicha/home.html
The Body HIV/AIDS site
http://www.thebody.com
Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (UCSF) CAPSweb
http://www.epibiostat.ucsf.edu/capsweb
HIV/AIDS Outreach Project (Vanderbilt)
http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/adl/aidsproject
HIVInsite (UCSF)
http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu
HIVnet, Amsterdam
http://www.hivnet.org
HIVpositive - comprehensive resource for PWA
http://www.HIVpositive.com
Immunet, HIV/AIDS information resources for providers
http://www.immunet.org
JAMA's HIV/AIDS information center
http://www.ama-assn.org/special/hiv/ hivhome.htm
News briefings and current articles
http://www.ama-assn.org/special/hiv/newsline
Johns Hopkins AIDS Service
http://www.hopkins-aids.edu
http://www.infoweb.org
JRI Health's InfoWeb (Boston)
http://www.infoweb.org
Marty Howard's AIDS resource page
http://www.smartlink.net/~martinjh/
Edward King's AIDS pages
http://www.eking.dircon.co.uk
Queer Resources Directory AIDS links
http://abacus.oxy.edu/qrd/health/aids
Project Reggie, San Francisco HIV services
http://www.reggie.org
Search for a Cure
http:www.searchforacure.org
San Francisco General Hospital AIDS Program
http://sfghaids.ucsf.edu
AIDS ORGANIZATIONS
ACT UP/Golden Gate
http://www.actupgg.org
ACT UP/New York
http://www.actupny.org
AIDS Action Committee, Boston
http://www.aac.org
AIDS Project Los Angeles
http://www.apla.org
East Harlem HIV Care Network
http://www.aidsnyc.org/network
AIDS Research Information Center
http://www.critpath.org/aric
Critical Path Project, Philadelphia
http://www.critpath.org
Gay Men's Health Crisis
http://www.gmhc.org
Harvard AIDS Institute
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/Organizations/hai
The Lambda Center
http://www.lambdacenter.com/index.htm
National AIDS Treatment Advocacy Project (Jules Levin)
http://www.natap.org
Project Inform
http://www.projinf.org
Stop AIDS Project
http://www.stopaids.org
Treatment Action Group
http://www.thebody.com/tag/tagpage.html
UCSF AIDS Health Project
http://www.ucsf-ahp.org/
AIDS/MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS
AIDS Journal
http://www.aidsonline.com
AIDS Treatment News
http://www.aidsnews.org/aidsnews/index.html
AIDS Weekly Plus (CW Henderson) (table of contents and abstracts)
http://www.NewsRx.com
British Medical Journal (full text articles)
http://www.bmj.com/bmj
Clinical Care Options for HIV
http://www.usc.edu/hsc/nml/e-resources/info/ClinCarehiv.html
Doctor's Guide to AIDS Information and resources
http://www.pslgroup.com/AIDS.htm
International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care Web site
http://www.iapac.org
Library of the National Medical Society
http://www.medical-library.org/
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) (full text articles available to registrants)
http://www.ama-assn.org/public/journals/ jama/jamahome.htm
The Lancet (full text articles available to registrants)
http://www.thelancet.com
The Merck Manual online
http://www.merck.com/pubs/
AIDS Knowledge Base
http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report (full text, requires PDF viewer)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/
Nature Magazine (summaries and News and Views available)
http://www.nature.com
Nature Medicine (contents and abstracts available)
http://medicine.nature.com
New England Journal of Medicine (contents and abstracts available)
http://www.nejm.org
Science Magazine (contents, abstracts and full text articles available)
http://sciencemag.org/
Scientific American
http://www.sciam.com
Treatment Issues (GMHC)
http://www.gmhc.org/living/treatmnt.html
NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES
Multiple newspaper/news service headlines from Aegis
http://www.aegis.com/newslines.html
CNN Interactive
http://www.cnn.com
The Gate: San Francisco Chronicle and Examiner
http://www.sfgate.com
Registration: lizbr/ysw2x
Mercury Center (San Jose Mercury News)
http://www.sjmercury.com
New York Times On the Web
http://www.nytimes.com
GOVERNMENT AND NONGOVERNMENT INFO SITES
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
http://www.cdc.gov
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
http://www.cdcnpin.org/
Wonder, database of CDC reports
http://wonder.cdc.gov
AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service
http://www.actis.org or
http://www.hivactis.org
HIV AIDS Treatment Information Service
http://www.hivatis.org
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services comprehensive health information
http://www.healthfinder.gov
National Institutes of Health
http://www.nih.gov
National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (includes latest news, news archive)
http://www.niaid.nih.gov
Office of the Federal Register
http://www.nara.gov/fedreg/
World Health Organization
http://www.who.org
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
http://www.unaids.org
HIV/AIDS GLOSSARIES
ATIS Glossary (plain text)
http://www.cdcnpin.org/
JAMA HIV/AIDS Information Center
http://www.ama-assn.org/special/hiv
POLICY/ADVOCACY
AIDS Action Council
http://www.thebody.com/aac/aacpage.html
National Association of People with AIDS (NAPWA)
http://www.napwa.org/
TREATMENT ACCESS/ADAP
East Harlem HIV Care Network
http://www.aidsnyc.org/network/
California ADAP
http://sfghaids.ucsf.edu/research.html
Patient Assistance Programs
http://sfghaids.ucsf.edu/people.html
Compassionate use, expanded access, and TIND
http://sfghaids.ucsf.edu/resources.html
CLINICAL TRIALS LISTINGS
AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service
http://www.actis.org
Centerwatch, international trails listing, information on newly approved drugs
http://www.centerwatch.com/main.htm
HIV/AIDS trials listing
http://www.centerwatch.com/CAT2.HTM
Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CRCRA) home page
http://www.cpcra.org
Trials Search, California clinical trials
http://sfghaids.ucsf.edu/research.html
U.S. clinical trials (compiled by Community Consortium)
http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/
DRUG/PHARMACEUTICAL SITES
Anti-HIV drug database (HIV Insite)
http://arvdb.ucsf.edu/
Pharmaceutical Information Network
http://pharminfo.com/drugdb/db_mnu.html
Drug interactions
http://www.hivatis.org/fdachart.html
Community Prescription Service
http://www.prescript.com/
FDA drug information
http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/default.htm
Pharminfo (includes drug database)
http://www.pharminfo.com
http://www.abbott.com
http://www.agouron.com
http://www.fightinfection.com/bms/hiv.htm
http://www.chiron.com
http://www.glaxowellcome.co.uk
http://www.merck.com
http://www.pharmacia.se
http://www.roche.com
http://www.roxane.com/ (Roxane Pain Institute)
GENERAL MEDICAL SITES
Medscape
http://www.medscape.com
MEDICAL SPECIALTIES
Alternative therapy sites:
http://www.teleport.com/~amrta (AMRTA)
http://www.bastyr.edu/research/buarc/ (Bastyr University)
Cancer information
http://oncolink.upenn.edu/cancernet
Oncolink
http://www.nci.nih.gov/
NCI's Cancernet
http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cancernet.html
Hepatitis information site
http://www.hepnet.com
Pain Management
http://www.roxane.com
Tuberculosis resources
http://www.cpmc.columbia.edu/resources/tbcpp/
Virology information
http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/garryfavwebindex.html
New York Times women's health
http://www.nytimes.com/women
CONFERENCES
Conference on Retroviruses and OI
http://www.idsociety.org
Conference listings
http://www.immunet.org/confcalendar
FUNDING
Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant text (CDC grants and cooperative agreements on a variety of topics, including HIV/AIDS)
www.cdc.gov/funding.htm
National Institutes of Health Funding Opportunities
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/
Foundation Center
www.fdncenter.org
Local/State Funding Report
www.grantsandfunding.com
HRSA
www.hrsa.dhhs.gov
HUD
www.hud.gov
Join Together
www.jointogether.org
CMHS
www.samhsa.gov/cmhs
CSAT
www.samhsa.gov/csat
Substance Abuse Treatment Improvement Exchange -- includes a listing of the current SSA Directors
www.treatment.org
MISCELLANEOUS
AIDS Patent Library
http://patents.cnidr.org/
The Center Gender Identity Project
http://www.gaycenter.org/programs/mhss/gip.html
HPP/Prevention Point Needle Exchange
http://www.sfaf.org/prevention/
Drug Reform Coalition's needle exchange site
http://www.drcnet.org/gateway/nep.html
North American Syringe Exchange Network
http://www.nasen.org/NASEN_II/index.html
Safe Works Needle Exchange page
http://www.safeworks.org
Queer Resources Directory
http://www.qrd.org/
The Safer Sex Pages
http://www.safersex.org
Service guide for San Francisco (health clinics, shelters, etc)
http://thecity.sfsu.edu/~coleman/pguide.html
Appendix G -- State and Territorial Health Agencies/Offices of AIDS
Listed immediately following each State's name is the State's HIV/AIDS Hotline telephone number, which provides free and anonymous information and referral to services.
ALABAMA
Hotline: (800) 228-0469
Alabama Department of Public Health
Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control
RSA Tower
201 Monroe Street
Suite 1400
Montgomery, AL 36104
Phone: (334) 206-5364; Fax: (334) 206-2092
Web site: http://www.alapubhealth.org/ inform/hiv/frames7.htm
ALASKA
Hotline: (800) 478-2437
Alaska Department of Health and Social Services
Division of Public Health
350 Main Street, Room 503
Juneau, AK 99801
Phone: (907) 465-3090; Fax: (907) 586-1877
Web site: http://epi.hss.state.ak.us/ (See "Section on Epidemiology" for HIV/AIDS information.)
ARIZONA
Hotline: (800) 352-3792
Arizona Department of Health Services
Bureau of Epidemiology & Disease Control Services
3815 North Black Canyon
Phoenix, AZ 85015
Phone: (602) 230-5808; Fax: (602) 230-5959
Arizona Office of HIV/STD Services
Phone: (602) 230-5819
Web site: http://www.hs.state.az.us/edc/ hivpage.html#help
ARKANSAS
Hotline: (800) 482-5400
Arkansas Department of Health
AIDS/STD Section
Arkansas Department of Health
4815 West Markham Street, Mailstop 33
Little Rock, AR 72205-3867
Phone: (501) 661-2111; Fax: (501) 671-1450
Web site: http://health.state.ar.us
CALIFORNIA
Hotline: (800) 367-AIDSTDD: (888) 225-AIDS
California Department of Health Services
Office of AIDS
611 North 7th Street