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Stein, M.D.; Urdaneta, M.E.; and Clarke, J.
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Appendix B -- Glossary
Abstinence:
Complete cessation of substance-using behavior.
Acute retroviral syndrome:
An array of symptoms that arises after initial infection with HIV that includes fever, sore throat, swollen glands, muscle and joint pain, nausea, and rash.
Adherence:
Strict observation of a prescribed treatment regimen, including correct dosage and number of doses per day, as well as taking doses with or without food or other medications.
Agranulocytosis:
A sudden, severe drop in white blood cell count that can occur upon the administration of certain HIV medications.
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome):
AIDS is the end stage of HIV disease and is characterized by a severe reduction in CD4+ T cells. At this point, an infected person has a very weak immune system and is vulnerable to contracting life-threatening infections.
Antiretroviral:
A medication that weakens or halts the reproduction of retroviruses such as HIV.
Blood-brain barrier:
A physical barrier between the blood vessels and the brain that only allows certain substances to pass through and enter the brain.
CD4+ T cell count:
The number of CD4+ T cells in a milliliter of blood. These cells (white blood cells within the immune system) are constantly measured in HIV-infected clients because their number reflects the overall health of the immune system.
Case finding:
A component of outreach that identifies individuals at higher risk for HIV infection and that stresses HIV/AIDS prevention, along with the distribution of items to facilitate compliance with risk reduction techniques.
Combination therapy:
The treatment of HIV disease with multiple medications. Combinations of three or more different medicines are used to treat a client, with each medicine working in a different way to stop the virus. While this is the most effective treatment to date, once combination therapy is begun, it must not be stopped because the virus could then develop resistance to these medications.
Cross-resistance:
Resistance that can develop in the HIV virus once a medication from a certain class is used (e.g., protease inhibitors, nucleosides) to treat it. The virus not only becomes resistant to one particular drug but also becomes resistant to some or all of the other drugs from that class. For this reason, it is widely believed that the best chance for success in HIV treatment is with the first treatment regimen.
Cultural competence:
An aspect of treatment that takes into account the cultural heritage of the client. Culturally competent providers recognize the customs, beliefs, and social forms of the racial, religious, or social group to which the client belongs and work within these parameters to interact successfully with the client.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV):
Any of the group of herpes viruses that appear as opportunistic infections in patients with HIV disease, generally in the latter stages of AIDS. CMV most commonly causes retinitis, which can lead to blindness if untreated, and may also cause gastrointestinal, adrenal, pulmonary, and other systemic problems.
Drug interaction:
The positive or negative effect that one medication has on another when an HIV-infected client is taking both.
Endocarditis:
Bacterial endocarditis is a well-recognized complication of unsterile injection drug use that produces inflammation of the endocardium (the lining of the heart). It can also appear as an HIV-related opportunistic infection.
HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy):
Aggressive combination therapy that usually includes a powerful protease inhibitor medication.
Harm reduction:
An approach to treatment that emphasizes incremental decreases in substance abuse or HIV risk behaviors as treatment goals. This method attempts to keep clients in treatment even if complete abstinence is not achieved.
Herpes zoster (shingles):
A virus that often appears as an initial indication of HIV disease and begins with itching or pain on only one side of the face or body, followed by a rash that looks like chicken pox or poison ivy.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus):
The retrovirus that causes AIDS in humans. HIV is transmitted through direct contact with human bodily fluids; roughly 10 years after infection, AIDS-defining conditions begin to occur. AIDS is characterized by a severe reduction in CD4+ T cells, which greatly weakens the immune system and leaves the patient vulnerable to contracting life-threatening infections. New medicines can control HIV and extend the life of the patient; however, AIDS is inevitably fatal.
Homophobia:
An irrational aversion to gay men and lesbians and to their lifestyle.
Hospice:
A program or facility that provides care for clients in the last stages of a terminal disease such as AIDS and creates a compassionate environment in which clients can die peacefully.
Leukoplakia:
A virus that causes white patches in the mouth and is one of the initial indications of HIV infection.
Lymphadenopathy:
Swollen lymph nodes, the most common symptom during the HIV latency period. The lymph nodes can be found around the neck and under the arms and contain cells that fight infections. When an infection is present, lymph nodes usually swell. Inside the lymph nodes HIV is trapped and destroyed, but eventually the HIV breaks down the tissue of the nodes and spills into the rest of the body.
Monotherapy:
Treatment of HIV infection with only one medication, usually AZT. This was the standard treatment for HIV before 1995 and is now outdated.
MSMs:
Men who have sex with men.
Neutropenia:
Bone marrow suppression, which can occur upon the administration of certain HIV medications.
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI):
A type of medication that binds to HIV's reverse transcriptase enzyme and stops the virus from replicating. NNRTI medications include delaviridine, efavirenz, and nevirapine.
Nucleoside analog:
A drug that mimics HIV's genetic material and halts it from reproducing. This class of drugs includes AZT, abacavir, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and lamivudine.
Opportunistic infection:
An infection that usually does not harm a healthy person but that can cause a life-threatening illness in someone with a compromised immune system.
Perinatal HIV transmission (vertical transmission):
Transmission of HIV from a mother to her child either in the uterus, during birth, or through breast-feeding.
Peripheral neuropathy:
A condition in which the peripheral nerves of the hands or feet are afflicted, producing numbness, tingling, pain, or weakness.
Phlebotomy:
The act of drawing blood.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP):
PCP is the most common AIDS-related infection and is characterized by a dry cough, fever, night sweats, and increasing shortness of breath. Since the late 1980s, the widespread use of PCP prophylaxis has resulted in a dramatic decrease in the incidence of this opportunistic infection. However, despite the availability of effective prophylaxis, PCP is still the most common opportunistic infection; many patients who develop PCP are unaware of their HIV status and hence are not receiving prophylaxis.
Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP):
Antiretroviral therapy that is administered within 72 hours after exposure to HIV in an attempt to eradicate the virus from the body.
Protease inhibitor:
One of a powerful class of drugs used in combination therapy that acts by interfering with the protease enzyme that cuts HIV proteins into the small pieces required to create new copies of the virus. This slows or halts the replication of HIV. Protease inhibitors include indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir.
Reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI):
A drug that halts HIV replication by interfering with the reverse transcriptase enzyme used by the HIV virus to transform its genetic material into a form that can be used to produce more viruses. This class of drugs includes nucleoside analogs like AZT and lamivudine.
Risk reduction:
An approach to treatment that emphasizes graduated behavior change rather than immediate abstinence. By identifying areas of risk in the client's life, such as sexual risk or needle sharing, the provider can discuss strategies with the client for avoiding or reducing them.
SEPs:
Syringe exchange programs.
Seroprevalence:
Frequency of presence of antibodies in blood serum as a result of infection.
STDs:
Sexually transmitted diseases.
Substance:
A drug of abuse, a medication, or a toxin.
Substance abuse:
A pattern of substance use that results in harmful consequences for the abuser. This condition is not as severe as substance dependence.
Substance dependence:
Repeated self-administration of a substance that usually results in tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive substance-abusing behavior.
Thrush:
Oral candidiasis, or thrush, is a symptom of initial HIV infection and usually appears as white plaques at the back of the mouth. Without treatment, thrush often spreads throughout the mouth and can affect the esophagus in persons with advanced disease, leading to severe pain on swallowing and the need for prolonged systemic treatment.
Toxoplasmosis:
An AIDS-defining symptom caused by infection with the protozoan toxoplasma and one of the two most common brain infections in HIV. Toxoplasmosis, which produces seizures, usually does not appear until a client's CD4+ T cell count drops below 100.
Triple combination therapy:
Treatment involving three medications, which can lower the rate of disease progression and mortality more than can two medicines alone. Triple combination therapy was developed after combination-resistant forms of HIV began to appear.
Viral load:
The level of HIV circulating in the bloodstream. This level becomes very high soon after initial infection, then drops until it returns with the onset of AIDS. Drug therapy can keep viral load low or undetectable, but the client can still infect others since the virus still exists--it is simply not visible. Even when testing reveals a low viral load, HIV continues to live inside certain cells in the body and can begin reproducing at any time if the infected person is not on effective treatment. If a person is not in treatment, HIV produces billions of new virions (viral particles) every day.
Appendix C -- 1993 Revised Classification System For HIV Infection and Expanded AIDS Surveillance Case Definition For Adolescents and Adults
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1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and
Expanded AIDS Surveillance Case Definition for Adolescents and Adults |
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CD4+ T cells |
Clinical Categories |
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(A) Symptomatic, Acute (Primary) HIV or PGL* |
(B) CD4+ T cells Symptomatic, Not (A) or (C) Conditions |
(C) AIDS-Indicator Conditions |
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(1) >500/mL |
A1 |
B1 |
C1 |
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(2) 200-499/mL |
A2 |
B2 |
C2 |
|
(3) <200/mL |
>A3 |
B3 |
C3 |
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(Shaded area indicates that the individual has AIDS.) |
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CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Categories
The three CD4+ T-lymphocyte categories are defined as follows:
- Category 1: >500/mL
- Category 2: 200-499/mL
- Category 3: <200/mL
These categories correspond to CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts per mL of blood and guide clinical and therapeutic actions in the management of HIV-infected adolescents and adults. The revised HIV classification system also allows for the use of the percentage of CD4+ T cells.
HIV-infected persons should be classified based on existing guidelines for the medical management of HIV-infected persons. Thus, the lowest accurate, but not necessarily the most recent, CD4+ T lymphocyte count should be used for classification purposes.
Clinical Categories
The clinical categories of HIV infection are defined as follows:
Category A
Category A consists of one or more of the conditions listed below in an adolescent or adult (> 13 years) with documented HIV infection. Conditions listed in Categories B and C must not have occurred.
- Asymptomatic HIV infection
- Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
- Acute (primary) HIV infection with accompanying illness or history of acute HIV infection
Category B
Category B consists of symptomatic conditions in an HIV-infected adolescent or adult that are not included among conditions listed in clinical Category C and that meet at least one of the following criteria:
- The conditions are attributed to HIV infection or indicate a defect in cell-mediated immunity
- The conditions are considered by physicians to have a clinical course or to require management that is complicated by HIV infection. Examples of conditions in clinical Category B include, but are not limited to
- Bacillary angiomatosis
- Candidiasis, oropharyngeal (thrush)
- Candidiasis, vulvovaginal: persistent, frequent, or poorly responsive to therapy
- Cervical dysplasia (moderate or severe)/cervical carcinoma in situ
- Constitutional symptoms, such as fever (38.5_ C) or diarrhea lasting >1 month
- Hairy leukoplakia, oral
- Herpes zoster (shingles), involving at least two distinct episodes or more than one dermatome
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Listeriosis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease, particularly if complicated by tubo-ovarian abscess
- Peripheral neuropathy
For classification purposes, Category B conditions take precedence over those in Category A. For example, someone previously treated for oral or persistent vaginal candidiasis (and who has not developed a Category C disease) but who is now asymptomatic should be classified in clinical Category B.
Category C
Category C includes the clinical conditions listed in the AIDS surveillance case definition (below). For classification purposes, once a Category C condition occurs, the person will remain in Category C.
- Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lungs
- Candidiasis, esophageal
- Cervical cancer, invasive*
- Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
- Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary
- Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal (>1 month's duration)
- Cytomegalovirus disease (other than liver, spleen, or nodes)
- Cytomegalovirus retinitis (with loss of vision)
- Encephalopathy, HIV-related
- Herpes simplex: chronic ulcer(s) (>1 month's duration); or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis
- Histoplasmosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
- Isosporiasis, chronic intestinal (>1 month's duration)
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- Lymphoma, Burkitt's (or equivalent term)
- Lymphoma, immunoblastic (or equivalent term)
- Lymphoma, primary, of brain
- Mycobacterium avium complex or M. kansasii, disseminated or extrapulmonary
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, any site (pulmonary or extrapulmonary)
- Mycobacterium, other species or unidentified species, disseminated or extrapulmonary
- Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
- Pneumonia, recurrent**
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- Pulmonary pneumonia
- Salmonella septicemia, recurrent
- Toxoplasmosis of brain
- Wasting syndrome due to AIDS
*This expanded definition requires laboratory confirmation of HIV infection in persons with a CD4+T lymphocyte count of fewer than 200 cells/mL or with an added clinical condition.
**Added as AIDS-defining illness in the 1993 expansion of the AIDS surveillance case definition, when occurring in persons with HIV infection.
Source: Castro et al., 1992.
Appendix D --Screening Instruments
Symptoms Checklist
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Symptoms Checklist |
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Symptom |
Question/Action |
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Amsler Grid Test
This instrument is an effective screening tool for early detection of
cytomegalovirus. An Amsler grid can help you monitor your central visual field.
It can detect early and subtle visual changes resulting from several macular
diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema.
It is also helpful in tracking changes in vision once they have been
discovered. The Amsler grid tests each eye separately. This helps you to
recognize visual symptoms that are only in one eye. 
The above are examples of two different Amsler grids. Both are useful for monitoring central vision. The grid on the right is a modified Amsler grid (Yannuzzi card) intended to be carried in the wallet or purse for daily self-assessment.
Instructions
- Test your vision with sufficient lighting.
- Wear your reading glasses or look through the reading portion of your bifocals (if you normally read with spectacles).
- Hold the Amsler grid at normal reading distance (about 14 inches).
- Cover one eye at a time with the palm of your hand.
- Stare at the center dot of the chart at all times.
- Do not let your eye drift from the center dot.
Ask yourself the following questions as you check each eye separately:
- Are any of the lines crooked or bent?
- Are any of the boxes different in size or shape from the others?
- Are any of the lines wavy, missing, blurry, or discolored?
Note: If using a rectangular card like the one on the right above (Yannuzzi card), you should check each eye with the card held both vertically and horizontally.
If the answer to any of these questions is "yes" (and this is a new finding for you), you should contact your doctor immediately for an examination. Sometimes these changes may mean that there is leakage in the back of the eye causing swelling of the retina.
Examples of Abnormal Amsler Grids
Appendix E -- Sample Codes of Ethics
Code of Ethics for Programs Treating Persons With HIV/AIDS And Substance Abuse Disorders
Nondiscrimination
- In accordance with Federal and State law, this program accords all persons equal access to its facilities and services without regard to race, color, ancestry, or national origin.
- In accordance with Federal and State law, this program accords all persons equal access to its facilities and services without regard to handicap, unless such handicap would render treatment nonbeneficial or hazardous to the patient or others.
- In accordance with Federal and State law, this program accords all persons equal access to its facilities and services without regard to age or gender. (Or: In accordance with Federal and State law, this program accords all women, men, and adolescents equal access to its facilities and services without regard to gender or age.)
- This program makes reasonable modifications in policies, practices, and procedures and/or provides assistive services to accommodate clients who are unable to participate in treatment due to language, cultural, or literacy barriers or disabilities, unless doing so would fundamentally alter the nature of the services offered.
- This program offers referral to appropriate service providers for all individuals not admitted to treatment, without regard to race, color, ancestry, national origin, handicap, age, or gender, in accordance with Federal and State law.
Respect for Client Autonomy
- This program respects each client's right to be fully informed about treatment and to make informed treatment decisions. This program provides clients with the information that is reasonably necessary to permit them to make informed decisions regarding treatment, including the information that participation in treatment is voluntary and clients have the right to refuse to participate. If consequences such as termination from other services or benefits or revocation of parole may result from refusal to consent to or continue treatment, the program will so inform the client at the time the client refuses to participate.
- This program respects each client's right to participate in an informed way, alone or with family members or others of his choosing, in planning his participation in treatment and medical services and reviewing progress toward treatment goals.
Confidentiality and Accuracy Of Records
- This program respects the rights of all clients to confidentiality of all records, correspondence, and information relating to assessment, diagnosis, and treatment in accordance with 42 U.S.C. _290dd-2, 42 CFR Part 2, and State law.
- This program respects the client's right to review and copy his/her records in accordance with State law and regulation and program policy.
- This program respects the rights of all clients to request the correction of inaccurate, irrelevant, outdated, or incomplete information in their records and to submit rebuttal information or memoranda for inclusion in their records.
Competent and Humane Treatment
- This program is dedicated to providing competent and humane services to clients; it recognizes that delivery of competent services requires staff with the knowledge, skill, time, attentiveness, and preparation reasonably necessary to assist clients to achieve their goals for health improvements and recovery from substance abuse.
- This program's employees treat all clients with consideration, respect, and full recognition of their dignity and individuality.
- This program will not permit any client to perform any labor at the program, as a volunteer or in lieu of fees, that is not called for by the client's treatment plan, unless the client agrees in writing and the arrangement complies with regulations of all State agencies sharing oversight of the program.
- This program will not permit any client to participate in any experimental or research project without the full knowledge, understanding, and written consent of that client (and/or legal guardian, when appropriate).
- This program will not participate in any experimental or research project unless it is conducted in full compliance with applicable State and Federal laws, regulations, and guidelines.
- No employee or board member of this program shall
- Enter into any financial relationship with any client
- Have a sexual relationship with any client
- No employee of this program shall interfere with any client's
- Right to seek or have access to legal counsel
- Exercise of any right accorded by program policy or State law or regulation.
- (For residential programs) No employee of this program shall interfere with any client's right to
- Visit with family and friends in accordance with the program's written rules
- Conduct private telephone conversations in accordance with the program's written rules
- Send and receive uncensored and unopened mail, except that employees may open and inspect a client's mail or package in the client's presence or when the client is not present if the client has consented
- Wear his or her own clothing in accordance with program rules
- Bring personal belongings, subject to limitation or supervision by the program
- Communicate with a personal physician
- Practice her personal religion or attend religious services, within the program's policies and guidelines
Client Orientation
- All clients entering this program shall be provided with an orientation to the program at or before the time of admission or as soon thereafter as possible.
- The orientation shall include the following information:
- The program's purpose, a description of the treatment process, and a summary of the medical and other services the program offers
- Clients' rights as provided by State law and regulations and by 42 CFR Part 2, as outlined in 42 CFR _2.22
- Clients' responsibilities in the program, including fees, if any
- The program's hours of operation
- Relevant program policies, including rules that govern client conduct and the infractions that might result in disciplinary action or discharge
- The program's grievance procedures
- Additional areas covered by program policy
- (For residential programs) information about policies governing visitation, the sending and receiving of mail, and the use of the telephone
- This program will post a copy of the above information in a place accessible to all clients.
Grievance Procedures
- This program has a written procedure for hearing, considering, responding to, and documenting client grievances.
- The written procedure includes
- Client behavior that constitutes grounds for discharge by the program; and
- The name, telephone numbers, and address of the State health/substance abuse official in charge of consumer relations.
- The written grievance procedure will be given to each client and/or his representative upon admission and posted in a place accessible to clients. The grievance procedure shall be available to former clients, upon request.
Discharge Policy
- This program has a written policy that specifies conditions under which clients may be discharged.
- The written discharge policy includes:
- Client behavior that may constitute grounds for involuntary discharge
- Procedures consistent with 42 CFR _2.12(c)(5) that staff shall follow when discharging a client involved in the commission of a crime on the premises of the agency or against its staff, including designation of the person who shall make a report to the appropriate law enforcement agency
- Procedures consistent with 42 CFR Part 2 that staff must follow when a client leaves against medical or staff advice and the client may be dangerous to self or others
Code of Ethics for Therapists and Counselors Who Treat Persons With HIV/AIDS And Substance Abuse Disorders
Nondiscrimination
- Therapists and counselors should accord all persons equal access to program facilities and services without regard to race, color, ancestry, or national origin, in accordance with Federal and State law.
- Therapists and counselors should accord all persons equal access to program facilities and services without regard to handicap, unless such handicap would render treatment nonbeneficial or hazardous to the patient or others, in accordance with Federal and State law and program policy.
- Therapists and counselors should accord all persons equal access to program facilities and services without regard to age or gender, in accordance with Federal and State law, unless they are employed by a program that holds itself out as specializing in a specific age group or gender.
Respect for Client Autonomy
- Therapists and counselors should respect each client's right to be fully informed about treatment and to make informed treatment decisions.
- Therapists and counselors should provide clients with the information that is reasonably necessary to permit them to make informed decisions regarding treatment, including the information that participation in treatment is voluntary and clients have the right to refuse to participate. Therapists and counselors should inform clients if consequences such as termination from other services or benefits or revocation of parole may result from refusal to consent to or continue treatment.
- Therapists and counselors should respect each client's right to participate in an informed way, alone or with family members or others of her choosing, in planning the receipt of and involvement with treatment and medical services and the review of progress toward treatment goals.
Confidentiality and Accuracy Of Records
- Therapists and counselors should be guided in their dealings with clients and others by the knowledge that confidentiality of information is of the utmost importance to persons with HIV/AIDS and substance abuse disorders.
- Therapists and counselors should respect the right of all clients to confidentiality of all records, correspondence, and information relating to assessment, diagnosis, and treatment in accordance with 42 U.S.C. _290dd-2, 42 CFR Part 2, and State law.
- Therapists and counselors should respect the client's right to review and copy her records in accordance with State law and regulation and program policy.
- Therapists and counselors should respect the rights of all clients to request the correction of inaccurate, irrelevant, outdated, or incomplete information in their records and to submit rebuttal information or memoranda for inclusion in their records.
- Therapists and counselors should not induce or permit a client to participate in any experimental or research project without the full knowledge, understanding, and written consent of that client (and/or legal guardian, when appropriate).
Competent and Humane Treatment
- Therapists and counselors should provide services only to those clients they can serve in a competent manner and should refrain from counseling any client when they lack the knowledge, skill, time, attentiveness, and preparation reasonably necessary to assist that client to achieve treatment goals.
- Therapists and counselors should be familiar with
- Their programs' policies and procedures
- State and Federal rules and regulations governing their professions and programs
- Any codes of ethics governing their profession
- Therapists and counselors should treat all clients with consideration, respect, and full recognition of their dignity and individuality.
- No therapist or counselor shall
- Enter into any financial relationship with any client
- Have a sexual relationship with any client
- No therapist or counselor shall interfere with any client's
- Right to seek or have access to legal counsel
- Exercise of any right accorded by program policy or State law or regulation
- (For those working in residential programs) No therapist or counselor shall interfere with any client's right to
- Visit with family and friends in accordance with the program's written rules
- Conduct private telephone conversations in accordance with the program's written rules
- Send and receive uncensored and unopened mail, except that staff may open and inspect a client's mail or package in the client's presence or when the client is not present if the client has consented
- Wear his own clothing in accordance with program rules
- Bring personal belongings, subject to limitation or supervision by the program
- Communicate with a personal physician
- Practice his personal religion or attend religious services, within the program's policies and guidelines
Appendix F -- AIDS-Related Web Sites
INFORMATION SOURCES
The National AIDS Treatment Information Project
http://www.natip.org/index.html
The Measurement Group
www.themeasurementgroup.com
JAMA HIV-AIDS information center
http://www.ama-assn.org/special/ hiv/hivhome.htm
Critical Path AIDS Project
http://www.critpath.org/critpath.htm
HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS)
http://www.hivatis.org
AIDS Clinical Trial Information Service (ATCTIS)
http://www.actis.org
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
http://www.cdc.gov
SFAF/BETA
San Francisco AIDS Foundation home page
http://www.sfaf.org
Bulletin of Experimental Treatments for AIDS
http://www.sfaf.org/beta
Spanish BETA
http://www.sfaf.org/betaespanol/
Positive News/Noticias Positivas
http://www.sfaf.org/treatment/positivenews/
Other online sources of BETA:
http://www.critpath.org/newsletters/beta
http://www.aegis.com/search/
LIBRARIES
National Library of Medicine/MEDLINE
http://www.nlm.nih.gov
Internet Grateful Med
http://access.nlm.nih.gov -or- http://igm.nlm.nih.gov
JAMA AIDSLINE search
http://www.healthgate.com/choice/AMA/search.html
Medscape HIV/AIDS
http://HIV.medscape.com/Home/Topics/AIDS/AIDS.html
Medscape MEDLINE search
http://www.medscape.com/Clinical/Misc/ FormMedlineInfLive.mhtml
HealthGate MEDLINE search
http://www.healthgate.com/HealthGate/MEDLINE/search.shtml
San Francisco Public Library
http://sfpl.lib.ca.us
UCSF Library (Galen)
http://www.library.ucsf.edu
University of San Francisco Library
http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/
New York Online Access to Health (NOAH)
http://www.noah.cuny.edu/
AIDS-SPECIFIC SITES
AEGIS: AIDS Education Global Information System
http://www.aegis.com/
AIDS Action Committee's subject bibliography to HIV literature
http:www.aac.org/hivtreat/index/subj.html
AIDS NYC
http://www.aidsnyc.org
Asian and Pacific Island Coalition on HIV/AIDS
http://www.aidsinfonyc.org/apicha/home.html
The Body HIV/AIDS site
http://www.thebody.com
Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (UCSF) CAPSweb
http://www.epibiostat.ucsf.edu/capsweb
HIV/AIDS Outreach Project (Vanderbilt)
http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/adl/aidsproject
HIVInsite (UCSF)
http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu
HIVnet, Amsterdam
http://www.hivnet.org
HIVpositive - comprehensive resource for PWA
http://www.HIVpositive.com
Immunet, HIV/AIDS information resources for providers
http://www.immunet.org
JAMA's HIV/AIDS information center
http://www.ama-assn.org/special/hiv/ hivhome.htm
News briefings and current articles
http://www.ama-assn.org/special/hiv/newsline
Johns Hopkins AIDS Service
http://www.hopkins-aids.edu
http://www.infoweb.org
JRI Health's InfoWeb (Boston)
http://www.infoweb.org
Marty Howard's AIDS resource page
http://www.smartlink.net/~martinjh/
Edward King's AIDS pages
http://www.eking.dircon.co.uk
Queer Resources Directory AIDS links
http://abacus.oxy.edu/qrd/health/aids
Project Reggie, San Francisco HIV services
http://www.reggie.org
Search for a Cure
http:www.searchforacure.org
San Francisco General Hospital AIDS Program
http://sfghaids.ucsf.edu
AIDS ORGANIZATIONS
ACT UP/Golden Gate
http://www.actupgg.org
ACT UP/New York
http://www.actupny.org
AIDS Action Committee, Boston
http://www.aac.org
AIDS Project Los Angeles
http://www.apla.org
East Harlem HIV Care Network
http://www.aidsnyc.org/network
AIDS Research Information Center
http://www.critpath.org/aric
Critical Path Project, Philadelphia
http://www.critpath.org
Gay Men's Health Crisis
http://www.gmhc.org
Harvard AIDS Institute
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/Organizations/hai
The Lambda Center
http://www.lambdacenter.com/index.htm
National AIDS Treatment Advocacy Project (Jules Levin)
http://www.natap.org
Project Inform
http://www.projinf.org
Stop AIDS Project
http://www.stopaids.org
Treatment Action Group
http://www.thebody.com/tag/tagpage.html
UCSF AIDS Health Project
http://www.ucsf-ahp.org/
AIDS/MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS
AIDS Journal
http://www.aidsonline.com
AIDS Treatment News
http://www.aidsnews.org/aidsnews/index.html
AIDS Weekly Plus (CW Henderson) (table of contents and abstracts)
http://www.NewsRx.com
British Medical Journal (full text articles)
http://www.bmj.com/bmj
Clinical Care Options for HIV
http://www.usc.edu/hsc/nml/e-resources/info/ClinCarehiv.html
Doctor's Guide to AIDS Information and resources
http://www.pslgroup.com/AIDS.htm
International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care Web site
http://www.iapac.org
Library of the National Medical Society
http://www.medical-library.org/
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) (full text articles available to registrants)
http://www.ama-assn.org/public/journals/ jama/jamahome.htm
The Lancet (full text articles available to registrants)
http://www.thelancet.com
The Merck Manual online
http://www.merck.com/pubs/
AIDS Knowledge Base
http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report (full text, requires PDF viewer)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/
Nature Magazine (summaries and News and Views available)
http://www.nature.com
Nature Medicine (contents and abstracts available)
http://medicine.nature.com
New England Journal of Medicine (contents and abstracts available)
http://www.nejm.org
Science Magazine (contents, abstracts and full text articles available)
http://sciencemag.org/
Scientific American
http://www.sciam.com
Treatment Issues (GMHC)
http://www.gmhc.org/living/treatmnt.html
NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES
Multiple newspaper/news service headlines from Aegis
http://www.aegis.com/newslines.html
CNN Interactive
http://www.cnn.com
The Gate: San Francisco Chronicle and Examiner
http://www.sfgate.com
Registration: lizbr/ysw2x
Mercury Center (San Jose Mercury News)
http://www.sjmercury.com
New York Times On the Web
http://www.nytimes.com
GOVERNMENT AND NONGOVERNMENT INFO SITES
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
http://www.cdc.gov
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
http://www.cdcnpin.org/
Wonder, database of CDC reports
http://wonder.cdc.gov
AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service
http://www.actis.org or
http://www.hivactis.org
HIV AIDS Treatment Information Service
http://www.hivatis.org
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services comprehensive health information
http://www.healthfinder.gov
National Institutes of Health
http://www.nih.gov
National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (includes latest news, news archive)
http://www.niaid.nih.gov
Office of the Federal Register
http://www.nara.gov/fedreg/
World Health Organization
http://www.who.org
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
http://www.unaids.org
HIV/AIDS GLOSSARIES
ATIS Glossary (plain text)
http://www.cdcnpin.org/
JAMA HIV/AIDS Information Center
http://www.ama-assn.org/special/hiv
POLICY/ADVOCACY
AIDS Action Council
http://www.thebody.com/aac/aacpage.html
National Association of People with AIDS (NAPWA)
http://www.napwa.org/
TREATMENT ACCESS/ADAP
East Harlem HIV Care Network
http://www.aidsnyc.org/network/
California ADAP
http://sfghaids.ucsf.edu/research.html
Patient Assistance Programs
http://sfghaids.ucsf.edu/people.html
Compassionate use, expanded access, and TIND
http://sfghaids.ucsf.edu/resources.html
CLINICAL TRIALS LISTINGS
AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service
http://www.actis.org
Centerwatch, international trails listing, information on newly approved drugs
http://www.centerwatch.com/main.htm
HIV/AIDS trials listing
http://www.centerwatch.com/CAT2.HTM
Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CRCRA) home page
http://www.cpcra.org
Trials Search, California clinical trials
http://sfghaids.ucsf.edu/research.html
U.S. clinical trials (compiled by Community Consortium)
http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/
DRUG/PHARMACEUTICAL SITES
Anti-HIV drug database (HIV Insite)
http://arvdb.ucsf.edu/
Pharmaceutical Information Network
http://pharminfo.com/drugdb/db_mnu.html
Drug interactions
http://www.hivatis.org/fdachart.html
Community Prescription Service
http://www.prescript.com/
FDA drug information
http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/default.htm
Pharminfo (includes drug database)
http://www.pharminfo.com
http://www.abbott.com
http://www.agouron.com
http://www.fightinfection.com/bms/hiv.htm
http://www.chiron.com
http://www.glaxowellcome.co.uk
http://www.merck.com
http://www.pharmacia.se
http://www.roche.com
http://www.roxane.com/ (Roxane Pain Institute)
GENERAL MEDICAL SITES
Medscape
http://www.medscape.com
MEDICAL SPECIALTIES
Alternative therapy sites:
http://www.teleport.com/~amrta (AMRTA)
http://www.bastyr.edu/research/buarc/ (Bastyr University)
Cancer information
http://oncolink.upenn.edu/cancernet
Oncolink
http://www.nci.nih.gov/
NCI's Cancernet
http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cancernet.html
Hepatitis information site
http://www.hepnet.com
Pain Management
http://www.roxane.com
Tuberculosis resources
http://www.cpmc.columbia.edu/resources/tbcpp/
Virology information
http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/garryfavwebindex.html
New York Times women's health
http://www.nytimes.com/women
CONFERENCES
Conference on Retroviruses and OI
http://www.idsociety.org
Conference listings
http://www.immunet.org/confcalendar
FUNDING
Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant text (CDC grants and cooperative agreements on a variety of topics, including HIV/AIDS)
www.cdc.gov/funding.htm
National Institutes of Health Funding Opportunities
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/
Foundation Center
www.fdncenter.org
Local/State Funding Report
www.grantsandfunding.com
HRSA
www.hrsa.dhhs.gov
HUD
www.hud.gov
Join Together
www.jointogether.org
CMHS
www.samhsa.gov/cmhs
CSAT
www.samhsa.gov/csat
Substance Abuse Treatment Improvement Exchange -- includes a listing of the current SSA Directors
www.treatment.org
MISCELLANEOUS
AIDS Patent Library
http://patents.cnidr.org/
The Center Gender Identity Project
http://www.gaycenter.org/programs/mhss/gip.html
HPP/Prevention Point Needle Exchange
http://www.sfaf.org/prevention/
Drug Reform Coalition's needle exchange site
http://www.drcnet.org/gateway/nep.html
North American Syringe Exchange Network
http://www.nasen.org/NASEN_II/index.html
Safe Works Needle Exchange page
http://www.safeworks.org
Queer Resources Directory
http://www.qrd.org/
The Safer Sex Pages
http://www.safersex.org
Service guide for San Francisco (health clinics, shelters, etc)
http://thecity.sfsu.edu/~coleman/pguide.html
Appendix G -- State and Territorial Health Agencies/Offices of AIDS
Listed immediately following each State's name is the State's HIV/AIDS Hotline telephone number, which provides free and anonymous information and referral to services.
ALABAMA
Hotline: (800) 228-0469
Alabama Department of Public Health
Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control
RSA Tower
201 Monroe Street
Suite 1400
Montgomery, AL 36104
Phone: (334) 206-5364; Fax: (334) 206-2092
Web site: http://www.alapubhealth.org/ inform/hiv/frames7.htm
ALASKA
Hotline: (800) 478-2437
Alaska Department of Health and Social Services
Division of Public Health
350 Main Street, Room 503
Juneau, AK 99801
Phone: (907) 465-3090; Fax: (907) 586-1877
Web site: http://epi.hss.state.ak.us/ (See "Section on Epidemiology" for HIV/AIDS information.)
ARIZONA
Hotline: (800) 352-3792
Arizona Department of Health Services
Bureau of Epidemiology & Disease Control Services
3815 North Black Canyon
Phoenix, AZ 85015
Phone: (602) 230-5808; Fax: (602) 230-5959
Arizona Office of HIV/STD Services
Phone: (602) 230-5819
Web site: http://www.hs.state.az.us/edc/ hivpage.html#help
ARKANSAS
Hotline: (800) 482-5400
Arkansas Department of Health
AIDS/STD Section
Arkansas Department of Health
4815 West Markham Street, Mailstop 33
Little Rock, AR 72205-3867
Phone: (501) 661-2111; Fax: (501) 671-1450
Web site: http://health.state.ar.us
CALIFORNIA
Hotline: (800) 367-AIDSTDD: (888) 225-AIDS
California Department of Health Services
Office of AIDS
611 North 7th Street
P.O. Box 942732
Sacramento, CA 94234-7320
Phone: (916) 445-0553
Web site: http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov/
COLORADO
Hotline: (800) 252-2437
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
Disease Control & Environmental Epidemiology Division
DCEED-A3
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80246-1530
Phone: (303) 692-2700; Fax: (303) 782-0904
Web site: http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/
CONNECTICUT
Hotline: [not available]
State of Connecticut Department of Public Health
Bureau of Community Health
410 Capitol Avenue
P.O. Box 340308, MS #11BCH
Hartford, CT 06134-0308
Phone: (860) 509-7655; Fax: (860) 509-7717
Web site: http://www.state.ct.us/dph/
DELAWARE
Hotline: (800) 422-0429
Delaware Health and Social Services
Division of Public Health, Epidemiology
Federal & Water Streets
P.O. Box 637
Dover, DE 19903
Phone: (302) 739-5617; Fax: (302) 739-6659
Web site: http://www.state.de.us/dhss/irm/ dph/epi1.htm
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Hotline: (800) 322-7432
District of Columbia Department of Health
Administration for HIV/AIDS
717 14th Street NW, 6th Floor
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 727-2500; Fax: (202) 724-3795
Web site: http://www.dchealth.com/
FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA
Hotline: [not available]
Government of the Federated States of Micronesia
P.O. Box PS70
Palikir Station
Pohnpei, FSM 96941
Phone: 011 (691) 320-2619; Fax: (690) 320-5263
FLORIDA
Hotline: (800) 352-AIDS
TDD: (888) 503-7118
Spanish: (800) 545-SIDA
Haitian Creole: (800) 243-7101
Department of Health
Bureau of HIV/AIDS
2020 Capital Circle SE, BIN A09
Tallahassee, FL 32399-1715
Phone: (850) 488-9766; Fax: (850) 414-0038
Web site: http://www.doh.state.fl.us/
GEORGIA
Hotline: (800) 551-2728
Georgia Division of Public Health
Epidemiology and Health Information
HIV/STD Surveillance Unit
Two Peachtree Street, NW, Suit 14460
Atlanta, GA 30303-3186
Phone: (404) 657-2624
Web site: http://www.ph.dhr.state.ga.us/epiepi/aidsunit.shtml
GUAM
Hotline: [not available]
Guam Department of Public Health and Social Services
P.O. Box 2816
Agana, GU 96910
Phone: 011 (671) 735-7102; Fax: (671) 734-5910
HAWAII
Hotline: (800) 321-1555
Hawaii Department of Health
Communicable Disease Division
STD/AIDS Information and Prevention
3627 Kileuee Avenue
Suite 305
Honolulu, HI 96816-2399
Phone: (808) 733-9010
Web site: http://www.state.hi.us/health/ resource/comm_dis/std_aids/index.html
IDAHO
Hotline: (800) 677-2437
Idaho Department of Health and Welfare
P.O. Box 83720
450 West State Street, 10th Floor
Boise, ID 83720-0036
Phone: (208) 334-5500
Web site: http://www.state.id.us/home/health.htm.
ILLINOIS
Hotline: (800) 243-2437TDD: (800) 782-0423
Illinois Department of Public Health
535 West Jefferson Street
Springfield, IL 62761
Phone: (217) 782-4977; Fax: (217) 782-3987
Web site: http://www.idph.state.il.us/
INDIANA
Hotline: (800) 848-2437
TDD: (800) 972-1846
Indiana State Department of Health
2 North Meridian Street
Indianapolis, IN 46204
Phone: (317) 233-1325
Web site: http://www.state.in.us/isdh/ index.html
IOWA
Hotline: (800) 445-2437
Iowa Department of Public Health
STD/HIV Prevention Program
Lucas State Office Building
321 East 12th Street
Des Moines, IA 50319
Phone: (515) 242-5838; Fax: (515) 281-4570
Web site: http://www.idph.state.ia.us/
KANSAS
Hotline: [not available]
Kansas Department of Health and Environment
Division of Health
Bureau of Epidemiology and Disease Prevention, AIDS Section
109 SW 9th Street, Suite 605
Topeka, KS 66612-1271
Phone: (785) 296-6173; Fax: (785) 296-4197
Web site: http://www.kdhe.state.ks.us/aids/
KENTUCKY
Hotline: [not available]
Kentucky Department for Public Health
275 East Main Street
Frankfort, KY 40621
Phone: (502) 564-3970; Fax: (502) 564-6533
Web site: http://cfc-chs.chr.state.ky.us/ph.htm
LOUISIANA
Hotline: (800) 992-4379TDD: (504) 944-2492
Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals
P.O. Box 3214
Baton Rouge, LA 70821
Phone: (504) 342-8093; Fax: (504) 342-8098
Web site: http://www.dhh.state.la.us/OPH/index.htm
MAINE
Hotline: (800) 851-2437
Maine Bureau of Health
State House Station 11
157 Capitol Street
Augusta, ME 04333-0011
Phone: (207) 287-8016; Fax: (207) 287-4631
Web site: http://janus.state.me.us/dhs/boh/index.htm
MARYLAND
Hotline: (800) 638-6252
Metro D.C. and VA: (800) 322-7432
TDD (Baltimore area only): (410) 333-2437
Spanish: (301) 949-0945
State of Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
AIDS Administration
500 North Calvert St.
Fifth Floor
Baltimore, MD 21202
Phone: (410) 767-6505; Fax: (410) 767-6489
Web site: http://www.dhmh.state.md.us/
MASSACHUSETTS
Hotline: (800) 235-2331TDD: (617) 437-1672
Massachusetts Department of Public Health
250 Washington Street, 2nd Floor
Boston, MA 02108-4619
Phone: (617) 624-5200; Fax: (617) 624-5206
Web site: http://www.magnet.state.ma.us/dph
MICHIGAN
Hotline: (800) 872-2437TDD: (800) 332-0849
Michigan Department of Community Health
3423 North Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard.
P.O. Box 30195
Lansing, MI 48909
Phone: (517) 335-8024; Fax: (517) 335-9476
Web site: http://www.mdch.state.mi.us/
MINNESOTA
Hotline: (800) 248-2437
Minnesota Department of Health
121 East Seventh Place, Suite 450
P.O. Box 9441
St. Paul, MN 55164-0975
Phone: (612) 215-5803; Fax: (612) 215-5801
Web site: http://www.health.state.mn.us/
MISSISSIPPI
Hotline: (800) 826-2961
Mississippi State Department of Health
570 East Woodrow Wilson
P.O. Box 1700
Jackson, MS 39215-1700
Phone: (601) 576-7634; Fax: (601) 960-7931
Web site: http://www.msdh.state.ms.us/ msdhhome.htm
MISSOURI
Hotline: (800) 533-2437
Missouri Department of Health
920 Wildwood
P.O. Box 570
Jefferson City, MO 65102
Phone: (573) 751-6002; Fax: (573) 751-6041
Web site: http://www.health.state.mo.us/
MONTANA
Hotline: (800) 233-6668
Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services
P.O. Box 202951
Helena, MT 59620-2951
Phone: (406) 444-5622; Fax: (406) 444-1970
Web site: http://www.dphhs.state.mt.us/
NEBRASKA
Hotline: (800) 782-2437
Nebraska Health and Human Services System
P.O. Box 95007
Lincoln, NE 68509-5007
Phone: (402) 471-3711; Fax: (402) 471-0820
Web site: http://www.hhs.state.ne.us/
NEVADA
Hotline: (800) 842-2437
Nevada State Health Division
505 East King Street, Room 201
Carson City, NV 89701-4797
Phone: (775) 687-3786; Fax: (702) 687-3859
Web site: http://www.state.nv.us/health/
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Hotline: (800) 752-2437
New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services
Six Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301-6527
Phone: (603) 271-4372; Fax: (603) 271-4727
Web site: http://www.dhhs.state.nh.us/ Index.nsf?Open
NEW JERSEY
Hotline: (800) 624-2377TDD: (201) 926-8008
New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services
CN360, Room 805
John Fitch Plaza
Trenton, NJ 08625-0360
Phone: (609) 292-7837; Fax: (609) 292-0053
Web site: http://www.state.nj.us/health/aids/ aidsprv.htm
NEW MEXICO
Hotline: (800) 545-2437
New Mexico Department of Health
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe, NM 87502-6110
Phone: (505) 827-2613; Fax: (505) 827-2530
Web site: [not available]
NEW YORK
Hotline: (800) 872-2777, (800) 541-2437;
Spanish: (800) 233-SIDA
TDD: (800) 369-2437
New York State Department of Health
AIDS Institute
Empire State Plaza, 14th Floor
Corning Tower Building
Albany, NY 12237
Phone: (518) 474-2011; Fax: (518) 474-5450
Web site: http://www.health.state.ny.us/ nysdoh/aids/hivtesti.htm
NORTH CAROLINA
Hotline: (800) 342-2437
North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services
1601 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1601
Phone: (919) 733-4984; Fax: (919) 715-3060
Web site: http://www.dhhs.state.nc.us/
NORTH DAKOTA
Hotline: (800) 472-2180
North Dakota Department of Health
600 East Boulevard Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58505-0200
Phone: (701) 328-2372; Fax: (701) 328-4727
Web site: http://www.ehs.health.state.nd.us/ndhd/
OHIO
Hotline: (800) 332-2437; TDD: (800) 332-3889
Ohio Department of Health
246 North High Street
P.O. Box 118
Columbus, OH 43266-0118
Phone: (614) 466-2253; Fax: (614) 644-0085
Web site: http://www.odh.state.oh.us/
OKLAHOMA
Hotline: (800) 535-2437
Oklahoma State Department of Health
1000 NE 10th Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1299
Phone: (405) 271-4200; Fax: (405) 271-3431
Web site: http://www.health.state.ok.us/ program/hivstd/index.html
OREGON
Hotline: (800) 777-2437 (For area codes 503, 206 and 208)
Voice and TDD: (503) 223-2437
Oregon Department of Human Services
800 NE Oregon Street, #21, Suite 925
Portland, OR 97232
Phone: (503) 731-4000; Fax: (503) 731-4078
Web site: http://www.ohd.hr.state.or.us/ hiv/welcome.htm
PENNSYLVANIA
Hotline: (800) 662-6080
Pennsylvania Department of Health
HIV/AIDS Programs
Health and Welfare Building, Room 802
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Phone: (717) 787-6436; Fax: (717) 787-0191
Web site: http://www.health.state.pa.us/ php/HIV/default.htm
PUERTO RICO
Hotline: (800) 981-5721
Puerto Rico Department of Public Health
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Building A
Call Box 70184
San Juan, PR 00936
Phone: (809) 274-7600; Fax: (809) 250-6745
Web site: [not available]
RHODE ISLAND
Hotline: (800) 726-3010
Rhode Island Department of Health
Three Capitol Hill, Room 106
Providence, RI 02908-5097
Phone: (401) 222-2577; Fax: (401) 272-3771
Web site: http://www.health.state.ri.us/
SOUTH CAROLINA
Hotline: (800) 322-2437
South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: (803) 898-3432; Fax: (803) 734-4620
Web site: http://www.state.sc.us/dhec/
SOUTH DAKOTA
Hotline: (800) 592-1861
South Dakota Department of Health
Sigurd Anderson Building
445 East Capitol Avenue
Pierre, SD 57501-3185
Phone: 605-773-3361; Fax: 605-773-5683
Web site: http://www.state.sd.us/doh/ doh.html
TENNESSEE
Hotline: (800) 525-2437
Tennessee Department of Health
Cordell Hull Building, 3rd Floor
425 Fifth Avenue North
Nashville, TN 37247-0101
Phone: (615) 741-3111; Fax: (615) 741-2491
Web site: http://www.state.tn.us/health/
TEXAS
Hotline: (800) 299-2437
TDD: (800) 252-8012
Texas Department of Health
1100 West 49th Street
Austin, TX 78756-7446
Phone: (512) 458-7376; Fax: (512) 458-7477
Web site: http://www.tdh.texas.gov/
UTAH
Hotline: (800) 366-2437
Utah Department of Health
Bureau of HIV/AIDS/TB Control/Refugee Health
288 North 1460 West
P.O. Box 142105
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-2105
Phone: (801) 538-0696; Fax: (801) 538-6306
Web site: http://hlunix.ex.state.ut.us/els/ hivaids/index.html
VERMONT
Hotline: (800) 464-4343
Vermont Department of Health
108 Cherry Street
Burlington, VT 05402-0070
Phone: (802) 863-7280; Fax: (802) 863-7425
Web site: http://www.state.vt.us/health/ index.htm
U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS
Hotline: (809) 773-2437
Virgin Islands Department of Social and Health Services
48 Sugar Estate
St. Thomas, VI 00802
Phone: (809) 774-0117; Fax: (809) 777-4001
Web site: [not available]
VIRGINIA
Hotline: (800) 533-4148
Spanish: (800) 322-7432
Virginia Department of Health
1500 East Main Street, Suite 214
P.O. Box 2448
Richmond, VA 23219
Phone: (804) 786-3561; Fax: (804) 786-4616
Web site: http://www.vdh.state.va.us/
WASHINGTON
Hotline: (800) 272-2437
Washington State Department of Health
1112 SE Quince Street
P.O. Box 47890
Olympia, WA 98504-7890
Phone: (360) 753-5871; Fax: (360) 586-7424
Web site: http://www.doh.wa.gov/
WEST VIRGINIA
Hotline: (800) 642-8244
West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources
Bureau for Public Health
Surveillance and Disease Control
Room 125
350 Capitol Street
Charleston, WV 25302-3715
Phone: (304) 558-5358; Fax: (394) 558-1035
Web site: http://www.wvdhhr.org/
WISCONSIN
Hotline: (414) 273-2437 or (800) 334-2437
Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services
One West Wilson Street
P.O. Box 309
Madison, WI 53701-0309
Phone: (608) 266-1511; Fax: (608) 267-2832
Web site: http://www.dhfs.state.wi.us/
WYOMING
Hotline: (800) 327-3577
Wyoming Department of Health
117 Hathaway Building
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Phone: (307) 777-7656; Fax: (307) 777-7439
Web site: http://wdhfs.state.wy.us/wdh/
|
Department of Health |
If Phoning Within the State |
If Phoning Out of State |
|
Alabama Department of Public Health |
(800) 228-0469 |
(334) 613-5357 |
|
Alaska Department of Health and Social Services |
(800) 478-AIDS |
(907) 276-1400 |
|
Arizona Department of Health Services |
(602) 234-2752 |
(602) 234-2752 |
|
Arkansas Department of Health |
(501) 375-0352 |
(501) 375-0352 |
|
California Department of Health Services |
(800) 400-7432 |
(213) 845-4180 |
|
Colorado Department of Public Health and theEnvironment |
(800) 252-AIDS |
(303) 692-2720 |
|
Connecticut Department of Public Health |
(203) 247-AIDS |
(203) 624-AIDS |
|
Delaware Department of Health and Social Services |
(800) 422-0429 |
(302) 652-6776 |
|
District of Columbia Department of Health |
(800) 342-AIDS |
(202) 332-AIDS |
|
Florida Department of Health |
(800) FLA-AIDS |
(904) 681-9131 |
|
Georgia Department of Public Health |
(800) 551-2728 |
(404) 876-9944 |
|
Hawaii Department of Health |
(808) 922-1313 |
(808) 922-1313 |
|
Idaho Department of Health and Welfare |
(800) 677-AIDS |
(208) 345-2277 |
|
Illinois Department of Public Health |
(800) 243-AIDS |
(773) 929-4357 |
|
Indiana Department of Health |
(800) 848-AIDS |
(317) 383-6743 |
|
Iowa Department of Public Health |
(800) 445-AIDS |
(515) 244-6700 |
|
Kentucky Department for Public Health |
(800) 840-2865 |
(606) 278-3935 |
|
Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals |
(800) 992-4379 |
(504) 945-4000 |
|
Maine Bureau of Health |
(800) 851-AIDS |
(207) 774-6877 |
|
Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene |
(800) 638-6252 |
(410) 333-AIDS |
|
Massachusetts Department of Public Health |
(800) 235-2331 |
(617) 536-7733 |
|
Michigan Department of Community Health |
(800) 872-AIDS |
(810) 547-3783 |
|
Minnesota Department of Health |
(800) 248-AIDS |
(612) 373-AIDS |
|
Mississippi State Department of Health |
(800) 826-2961 |
(601) 936-6959 |
|
Missouri Department of Health |
(800) 533-AIDS |
(314) 516-2761 |
|
Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services |
(800) 233-6668 |
(406) 444-3566 |
|
Nebraska Health and Human Services System |
(800) 782-AIDS |
(402) 342-4233 |
|
Nevada State Health Division |
(702) 687-4804 |
(702) 474-AIDS |
|
New Hampshire Department of Health/Human Services |
(800) 639-1122 |
(603) 623-0710 |
|
New Jersey Department of Health |
(800) 508-7577 |
(201) 489-2900 |
|
New Mexico Department of Health |
(800) 545-AIDS |
(505) 476-8456 |
|
New York State Department of Health |
(800) 647-1420 |
(800) 828-3280 |
|
North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services |
(800) 346-3731 |
|
|
North Dakota Department of Health |
(800) 72-2180 |
None |
|
Ohio Department of Health |
(800) 332-AIDS |
(513) 421-AIDS |
|
Oklahoma Department of Health |
(800) 535-AIDS |
(405) 271-4636 |
|
Oregon Department of Human Resources |
(800) 777-AIDS |
(503) 223-AIDS |
|
Pennsylvania Department of Health |
(717) 783-0479 |
None |
|
Rhode Island Department of Health |
(800) 726-3010 |
(401) 831-5522 |
|
South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control |
(800) 342-AIDS |
(803) 779-7257 |
|
South Dakota Department of Health |
(800) 738-2301 |
(605) 773-3364 |
|
Tennessee Department of Health |
(800) 525-AIDS |
(615) 741-7583 |
|
Texas Department of Health |
(800) 299-AIDS |
(512) 490-2535 |
|
Utah Department of Health |
(800) 366-AIDS |
(801) 487-2100 |
|
Vermont Department of Health |
(800) 882-AIDS |
(802) 863-7245 |
|
Virginia Department of Health |
(800) 533-4148 |
(804) 371-7455 |
|
Washington State Department of Health |
(800) 272-AIDS |
(360) 586-3887 |
|
West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources |
(800) 642-8244 |
(304) 558-2950 |
|
Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services |
(800) 334-AIDS |
(414) 273-AIDS |
|
Wyoming Department of Health |
(800) 327-3577 |
(307) 777-5800 |
Appendix H -- Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
|
Date:
_____________________________ |
||
|
Maximum Score |
Score |
|
|
|
|
ORIENTATION |
|
5 |
( ) |
What is the (year) (season) (date) (day) (month)? |
|
5 |
( ) |
Where are we: (State) (county) (town or city) (hospital) (floor)? |
|
|
|
REGISTRATION |
|
3 |
( ) |
Name 3 common objects (e.g., "apple," "table," "penny"): |
|
|
|
Take 1 second to say each. Then ask the patient to repeat
all 3 after you have said them. Give 1 point for each correct answer. Then
repeat them until he/she learns all 3. Count trials and record. |
|
|
|
ATTENTION AND CALCULATION |
|
5 |
( ) |
Spell "world" backwards. The score is the number of letters in correct order. (D___L___R___O___W___). |
|
|
|
RECALL |
|
3 |
( ) |
Ask for the 3 objects repeated above. Give 1 point for each correct answer. (Note: Recall cannot be tested if all 3 objects were not remembered during registration.) |
|
|
|
LANGUAGE |
|
2 |
( ) |
Name a "pencil" and "watch." |
|
1 |
( ) |
Repeat the following: "No ifs, ands, or buts." |
|
3 |
( ) |
Follow a 3-stage command: |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
( ) |
Read and obey the following: |
|
1 |
( ) |
Close your eyes. |
|
1 |
( ) |
Write a sentence. |
|
1 |
( ) |
Copy the following design: |
|
Total Score: _________________________________ |
||
Source: Folstein, M.F.; Folstein, S.E.; and McHugh, P.R. "Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3):189-198, 1975.
Appendix I -- Standards of Care: Client Assessment/Treatment Protocol
This assessment tool was developed by Steven Batki, M.D.; Marilyn Blake, R.N.; Valerie Gruber, Ph.D.; Ellie Milovitch, R.N.; Gale Ouye, L.C.S.W.; Kalpana Nathan, M.D.; and Richard Warren. It is currently in use at the Opiate Treatment Outpatient Program, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California at San Francisco.
A. CLIENT ASSESSMENT
B. TREATMENT PROTOCOL
General Expectations and Interventions for Methadone/LAAM Maintenance Clients
1. Attendance
1a) Target Behavior:
Clients are expected to attend (or cancel with advance notice) 90 percent or more of scheduled clinic visits each month. This includes dosing, counseling, and other visits (e.g., social services, psychiatric services, or medical services).
1b) Initial Interventions:
Clients who attend less than 90 percent of scheduled visits for 1 month will receive counseling and behavior contracts to help them reduce unscheduled absences.
1c) Clinic Response to Continued Nonadherence:
Clients who continue to attend less than 90 percent of scheduled visits despite 6 months of the interventions above will be considered for discharge.
2. Giving Urine Samples Upon Request
2a) Target Behavior:
Clients are expected to provide urine samples and Breathalyzer_ tests upon request.
2b) Initial Interventions:
Clients who refuse urine samples or Breathalyzers_ or who no-show on urine collection days once or more per month will receive counseling and behavior contracts to help them reduce refusals and/or no-shows.
2c) Clinic Response to Continued Nonadherence:
Clients who continually refuse urine samples or Breathalyzers_ or who no-show on urine collection days after 6 months of the interventions above will be considered for discharge.
3. Drug and Alcohol Use
3a) Target Behavior:
Clients are expected to provide urine samples free of illicit drugs (including opiates and non-opiates) and Breathalyzer_ tests indicating nonsignificant alcohol use no later than after 1 year in the program. Prescribed medications and medicinal marijuana are not counted as illicit drugs.
3b) Initial Interventions:
Clients who provide drug/alcohol positive samples will receive counseling and behavior contracts to help them reduce and stop their drug/alcohol use.
3c) Clinic Response to Continued Nonadherence:
Clients who continue to provide drug/alcohol positive samples for several consecutive months at 2 years in the program, AND show no progress in other areas of their life, will be considered for discharge.
Note:
Clients who are discharged may apply after 1 month to be placed on the waiting list for readmission.
Standards of Care for Clients at Various Levels of Functioning
1. Is Physical Health = 2 or less? (disabled, severe disease, weekly medical care, assistance several times per week)
IF YES -- Use Palliative Care Model
These severely medically ill clients are generally expected to meet the expectations above. There areseveral modifications with these clients:
1a) Modified expectations regarding attendance and urine samples:
On rare occasions, medical problems prevent these clients from attending clinic or providing urine samples.
1b) Modified response to continued use of illicit drugs or alcohol:
Counseling focuses on reducing substance use as well as increasing access to and adherence to medical treatment.
These clients are rarely discharged for continued drug use. This is because methadone/LAAM can prevent the serious health effects of return to heavy heroin use by medically ill clients.
IF NO -- Go to 2
2. Is Mental Health = 2 or less? (moderate to severe psychiatric impairment)
IF YES -- Use Psychiatric Model
These severely mentally ill clients are generally expected to meet the expectations above. There are several modifications with these clients:
2a) Modified expectations regarding attendance:
The expected clinic attendance is lower for clients with severe psychiatric symptoms such as cognitiveimpairment, thought disorder, or mood disorder.
2b) Modified response to continued drug or alcohol use:
Counseling focuses on reducing substance use as well as increasing access and adherence to treatment of psychiatric disorder or cognitive deficit.
These clients are rarely discharged for continued drug use. This is because methadone/LAAM can help to maintain functioning and connection to services among clients with severe psychiatric symptoms.
IF NO -- Go to 3
3. Are Social Resources = 2 or less? (insufficient or high-risk social support, housing, and/or finances)
IF YES -- Use Psychosocial Model
These clients are generally expected to meet the expectations above. There are several modifications with these clients:
3a) Modified expectations regarding attendance:
The expected attendance is lower for clients with severely deficient housing, financial, ortransportation resources.
3b) Response to continued drug or alcohol use:
Counseling focuses on reducing substance use as well as accessing housing, finances, and transportation.
Clients who, despite efforts to access housing and other basic resources, continue to be homeless and impoverished are rarely discharged for continued drug use. This is because for these clients, the methadone/LAAM clinic is often one of the last remaining resources, the loss of which may be life threatening.
IF NO -- Go to 4
4. If no scale scores are 2 or less, use Standard Treatment Model
These clients are expected to meet the general expectations above.
Appendix J -- Resource Panel
Brad Austin
Public Health Advisor
Division of State and Community Assistance
PPG Program Branch
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment
Rockville, Maryland
Jose Martin Garcia-Ordoria
Technical Assistant Manager
National Latino/a Lesbian and Gay Organization
Washington, D.C.
Patricia Hawkins, Ph.D.
Associate Executive Director
Whitman-Walker Clinic
Washington, D.C.
Adolfo Mata
Director
Migrant Health Program
Community of Migrant Health
Bureau of Primary Health Care
Health Resources Services Administration
Bethesda, Maryland
M. Valerie Mills, M.S.W.
Associate Administrator for AIDS
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Rockville, Maryland
Andrea Ronhovde, L.C.S.W.
Director
Alexandria Mental Health HIV/AIDS Project
Alexandria Mental Health Center
Alexandria, Virginia
Gloria Weissman
Director
Program Development Staff
Division of Community Based Programs
HIV/AIDS Bureau
Health Resources and Services Administration
Rockville, Maryland
Appendix K -- Field Reviewers
Deborah Wright Bauer, M.P.H., M.L.S.
Health Project Consultant
Georgia Ryan White Title IV Project
Epidemiology and Prevention Branch
Department of Human Resources
Atlanta, Georgia
Margaret K. Brooks, J.D., M.A.
New Perspectives
Montclair, New Jersey
Robert Paul Cabaj, M.D.
Medical Director
San Mateo County Mental Health Services
Mental Health Services Administration
San Mateo, California
Edwin M. Craft, Ph.D.
Program Analyst
Office of Evaluation, Scientific Analysis and Synthesis, Synthesis Branch
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment
Rockville, Maryland
Michael A. Dawes, M.D.
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
James Donagher, M.A.
Director
Senior Services
Special Populations of Office of Behavioral Health
Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services
Hartford, Connecticut
Michael Fingerhood, M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine
Center for Chemical Dependence
School of Medicine
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland
Stewart L. Gallas, S.W.A., M.A.
Co-Director, Client Services
AIDS Services of Austin
Austin, Texas
Susan M. Gallego, M.S.S.W., L.M.S.W.-A.C.P.
Trainer, Consultant, and Facilitator
Austin, Texas
Larry M. Gant, Ph.D., C.S.W., M.S.W.
Associate Professor
School of Social Work
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Brian C. Giddens, M.S.W., A.C.S.W.
Associate Director
Social Work Department
University of Washington Medical Center
Seattle, Washington
Michael Gorman, Ph.D., M.S.W., M.P.H.
Research Scientist/Principal Investigator
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute
School of Social Work
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Brian L. Greenberg, Ph.D.
Director of Development
Walden House, Incorporated
San Francisco, California
Gregory L. Greenwood, Ph.D., M.P.H.
TAPS Fellow
Center for AIDS Prevention Studies
University of California at San Francisco
San Francisco, California
Susan Haikalis, A.C.S.W., M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Director
HIV Services and Treatment Support
San Francisco AIDS Foundation
San Francisco, California
William F. Haning, III, M.D.
Department of Psychiatry
School of Medicine
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii
Peter Hayden
Director
TURNING POINT
National Chairperson
National Black Alcoholism and Addictions Council
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Warren W. Hewitt, Jr., M.S.
Planner
Office of Policy Coordination and Planning
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment
Rockville, Maryland
Donna Johnson, L.M.S.W.
Hospice Social Worker
Denson Community Health Services Hospice
League City, Texas
Murali R. Jonnalagadda, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.P.A.
Jacksonville, North Carolina
Karen Kelly-Woodall, M.S., M.A.C., N.C.A.C.II
Criminal Justice Coordinator
Addiction Technology Transfer Center
Morehouse School of Medicine
Atlanta, Georgia
Sherry Knapp, Ph.D.
Associate Director
Division of Substance Abuse
Rhode Island Department of Health
Providence, Rhode Island
Marshall K. Kubota, M.D.
Director
Family Practice Residency Program
Sutter Medical Center of Santa Rosa
Santa Rosa, California
Susan LeLacheur, M.P.H., P.A.-C.
Assistant Professor of Health Care Sciences and Health Sciences
The George Washington University
Physician Assistant Program
Washington, D.C.
Yvette Lindsey
HIV Community Coalition
Washington, D.C.
Russell P. MacPherson, Ph.D., C.A.P., C.A.P.P.,
President
RPM Addiction Prevention Training
Deland, Florida
John J. McGovern, C.S.W.
Director
Clinical Services
HELP/Project Samaritan, Inc.
Bronx, New York
Lisa A. Melchior, Ph.D.
Vice President
The Measurement Group
Culver City, California
Alelia Munroe
Consultant
National Black Alcoholism and Addictions Council
Orlando, Florida
Gail M. Nahwahquaw, B.S.
Case Manager Consultant
Consultant (Menominee)
The HIV Center for Excellence
Phoenix Indian Medical Center
Phoenix, Arizona
Thomas Nicholson, Ph.D., M.P.H., M.A.Ed.
Professor
Department of Public Health
Western Kentucky University
Bowling Green, Kentucky
Kenneth L. Packer
Health Education Consultant
The Golden Skate
Washingtonville, New York
Eileen Stark Pagan, M.S., R.N.C.
Director of Nursing Services
HELP/ Project Samaritan, Inc.
Bronx, New York
Billy Pick, J.D., M.S.W.
Program Manager
AIDS Office
San Francisco Department of Public Health
San Francisco, California
Mel Pohl, M.D.
Charter Hospital
Las Vegas, Nevada
John F. Robertson, Ph.D.
Executive Director
Robertson Psychological and Consulting Services
National Black Alcoholism and Addictions Council
Utica, New York
Andrea Ronhovde, L.C.S.W.
Director
Alexandria Mental Health HIV/AIDS Project
Alexandria Mental Health Center
Alexandria, Virginia
Jeffrey H. Samet, M.D., M.A., M.P.H.
Associate Professor of Medicine
Boston University School of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
Christine Smith, M.S.W.
Senior Analyst
ABT Associates
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Mary Sowder, L.P.C., C.D.A.C.
Vice President
Texas HIV Connection
Workers Assistance Program
Austin, Texas
Ronald D. Stall, Ph.D., M.P.H.
Center for AIDS Prevention Studies
University of California at San Francisco
San Francisco, California
Richard T. Suchinsky, M.D.
Associate Chief for Addictive Disorders and Psychiatric Rehabilitation
Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Services
Department of Veterans Affairs
Washington, D.C.
David C. Thompson
Public Health Advisor
Division of Practice and Systems Development
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment
Rockville, Maryland
Mark E. Wallace, M.D.
Psychiatrist
New York City Human Resources Administration
Office of Health and Mental Services
New York, New York
Gloria Weissman
Director
Program Development Staff
Division of Community Based Programs HIV/AIDS Bureau
Health Resources and Services Administration
Rockville, Maryland
Christopher J. Welsh, M.D.
Clinical Assistant Professor
Alcohol and Drug Abuse/Psychiatry
Medical Director
HIV/LAAM Program
University of Maryland
Baltimore, Maryland
Barbara C. Zeller, M.D.
Medical Director
HELP/Project Samaritan, Inc.
Bronx, New York
Janet Zwick
Director
Division of Substance Abuse and Health Promotion
Iowa Department of Public Health
Des Moines, Iowa
[Figures]
Figure 1-1: Parts of HIV
Figure 1-2: Diagram of HIV Entering Cell and Reproducing
Figure 1-3: Male Adult/Adolescent AIDS Annual Rates per 100,000 Population, for Cases Reported from July 1998 Through June 1999, United States
Figure 1-4: Male Adult/Adolescent HIV Infection and AIDS Cases Reported from July 1998 Through June 1999, United States
Figure 1-5: Female Adult/Adolescent AIDS Annual Rates per 100,000 Population, for Cases Reported from July 1998 Through June 1999, United States
Figure 1-6: Female Adult/Adolescent HIV Infection and AIDS Cases Reported from July 1998 Through June 1999, United States
Figure 1-7: New Male AIDS Cases (1993-1998) From Heterosexual Exposure by Ethnicity
Figure 1-8: New Female AIDS Cases (1993-1998) From Heterosexual Exposure by Ethnicity
Figure 1-9: CDC Regional Breakdown of U.S. States and Territories
|
Figure 1-9 |
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Northeast |
South |
Midwest |
West |
Territories |
|
Connecticut |
Alabama |
Illinois |
Alaska |
American Samoa |
|
Source: CDC, 1999b. |
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Figure 1-10: Estimated AIDS Incidence, by Region of Residence and Year of Diagnosis, 1996, 1997, and 1998, United States
Figure 1-11: New AIDS Cases (1993-1998) From MSM Exposure by Ethnicity
Figure 2-1: Models of Medical Care in Substance Abuse Treatment Programs
|
Figure 2-1 |
|
There is considerable variation in the levels of medical care provided by substance abuse treatment programs.
|
Figure 2-2: Components of Onsite Medical Systems
|
Figure 2-2 |
|
The most successful onsite medical systems provide a range of medical services, including
Source: Batki and London, 1991; O'Connor et al., 1992b; Selwyn et al., 1993; Umbricht-Schneiter et al., 1994. |
Figure 2-3: Recommended Elements of a Contractual Arrangement For Primary Medical Care Services
|
Figure 2-3 |
|
The following are services that substance abuse treatment facilities should consider including in a contractual arrangement for primary medical care services:
At a minimum, freestanding substance abuse treatment units that have no physician on staff and provide no screening services for HIV should have an individual trained in HIV issues available for triage and referral when necessary. |
Figure 2-2: Treatment With Antiretroviral Drug Therapy
Figure 2-5: Indications for Plasma HIV RNA Testing*
|
Figure 2-5 |
||
|
Clinical Indication |
Information |
Use |
|
Syndrome consistent with acute HIV infection |
Establishes diagnosis when HIV antibody test is negative or indeterminate |
Diagnosis** |
|
Initial evaluation of newly diagnosed HIV infection |
Baseline viral load "set point" |
Decision to start or defer therapy |
|
Every 3-4 months in clients not on therapy |
Changes in viral load |
Decision to start therapy |
|
4-8 weeks after initiation of antiretroviral therapy |
Initial assessment of drug efficacy |
Decision to continue or change therapy |
|
3-4 months after start of therapy |
Maximal effect of therapy |
Decision to continue or change therapy |
|
Every 3-4 months in clients on therapy |
Durability of antiretroviral effect |
Decision to continue or change therapy |
|
Clinical event or significant decline in CD4+ T cells |
Association with changing or stable viral load |
Decision to continue, initiate, or change therapy |
|
* Acute illness (e.g., bacterial pneumonia, TB, herpes
simplex virus, PCP) and immunizations can cause increases in plasma HIV RNA
for 2-4 weeks; viral load testing should not be performed during this time. |
||
Figure 2-6: Medical Complications of Substance Abuse That May Affect Differential Diagnosis of Injection Drug Users With HIV
|
Figure 2-6 |
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|
Possible Diagnoses |
||
|
Symptoms |
HIV Related |
Substance-Abuse Related |
|
Constitutional:
|
|
|
|
Pulmonary:
|
|
|
|
Neurologic:
|
|
|
|
Dermatologic:
|
|
|
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Miscellaneous:
|
|
|
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Source: O'Connor et al., 1994b. Copyright 1994, Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. |
||
Figure 2-7: Interactions of HIV Medications With Street Drugs
|
Figure 2-7 |
|
|
Drug |
Interaction and Effects |
|
Ecstasy |
3- to 10-fold buildup of 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the blood, bruxism (teeth grinding), palpitations, joint stiffness, dehydration. Possibility of liver and kidney damage. May be deadly. |
|
Speed/Methamphetamine |
2- to 3-fold buildup of methamphetamine in the blood, increased anxiety, manic behavior, shortness of breath, racing heart beat, and dehydration. |
|
Heroin |
Heroin is metabolized more quickly; less "hit," less "buzz," withdrawal symptoms. |
|
Special K (ketamine hydrochloride) |
Buildup of ketamine is likely; increased sedation, disorientation, and hallucinations. Effects last longer. |
|
Cocaine |
Little is known about cocaine's interaction with PIs as no studies have been conducted, but if an individual has HIV, smoking, shooting, or even snorting cocaine may compromise the immune system. In one test-tube study, cocaine made HIV reproduce 20 times faster than normal. |
|
GHB (gamma hydroxybutyric acid) |
Combining GHB with the antiprotease drugs is another unknown. Like many recreational drugs, GHB may suppress the immune system. |
|
Source: Adapted with permission from Horn, 1998. |
|
Figure 2-8: Risks and Benefits of Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy In the Asymptomatic HIV-Infected Client
|
Figure 2-8 |
|
Potential Benefits
Potential Risks
|
Figure 2-9: Recommended CD4+ T Cell Testing Frequencies and Thresholds for Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy
|
Figure 2-9 |
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|
Testing Frequency
|
||
|
Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Category |
CD4+ T Cell Count and HIV RNA |
Recommendation |
|
Symptomatic (i.e., AIDS, thrush, unexplained fever) |
Any value |
Treat |
|
Asymptomatic |
CD4+ T cells < 500/mm3 or HIV RNA > 10,000 (bDNA) or > 20,000 (RT-PCR) |
Treatment should be offered. Strength of recommendation is based on prognosis for disease-free survival and willingness of the client to accept therapy.* |
|
Asymptomatic |
CD4+ T cells > 500/mm3 and HIV RNA < 10,000 (bDNA) or < 20,000 (RT-PCR) |
Many experts would delay therapy and observe; however, some experts would treat. |
|
*Some experts would observe clients whose CD4+ T cell counts are between 350 and 500/mm3 and HIV RNA levels < 10,000 (bDNA) or < 20,000 (RT-PCR). Source: CDC, 1998i. |
||
Figure 2-10: Summary of HIV Medications
|
Figure 2-10 |
|||||
|
Generic Name |
Trade Name |
Drug Class |
Abbreviation |
Usual Dosage |
Common Side Effects (Comments) |
|
Abacavir |
Ziagen |
NRTI |
1592U89 |
300 mg b.i.d.* |
Hypersensitivity reaction, nausea, vomiting, malaise, headache, diarrhea, or anorexia; rarely clients may develop lactic acidosis with severe hepatomegaly and steatosis |
|
Didanosine |
Videx |
NRTI |
ddI |
400 mg b.i.d. (125 mg b.i.d. if <60 kg) |
Pancreatitis, peripheral neuropathy, diarrhea (take on empty stomach) |
|
Lamivudine |
Epivir |
NRTI |
3TC |
150 mg b.i.d. |
Anemia, gastrointestinal upset |
|
Stavudine |
Zerit |
NRTI |
D4T |
40 mg b.i.d. (30 mg b.i.d. if <60 kg) |
Peripheral neuropathy |
|
Zalcitabine |
Hivid |
NRTI |
ddC |
0.75 mg t.i.d.** |
Peripheral neuropathy, stomatitis and aphthous esophageal ulcers, pancreatitis, hepatitis |
|
Zidovudine |
Retrovir |
NRTI |
AZT, ZDV |
300 mg b.i.d. |
Bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal upset, headache, myopathy |
|
Zidovudine/Lamivudine |
Combivir |
NRTI |
|
1 tablet b.i.d. (150 mg lamivudine + 300 mg zidovudine) |
Myopathy, lactic acidosis, severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, headache, gastrointestinal upset, malaise, fatigue, nasal symptoms, cough, musculoskeletal pain, fever/chills, anorexia, abdominal pain/cramps, neuropathy, insomnia, depression, rash, dizziness, myalgia, arthralgia |
|
Delavirdine |
Rescriptor |
NNRTI |
DLV |
400 mg t.i.d. |
Rash |
|
Efavirenz |
Sustiva |
NNRTI |
DMP-266 |
600 mg qd |
Dizziness, vivid dreams, dissociation feeling |
|
Nevirapine |
Viramune |
NNRTI |
NVP |
200 mg qd x14d, then b.i.d. |
Rash |
|
Amprenavir |
Angenerase |
PI |
VX-478 |
1,200 mg b.i.d. |
Rash, headache |
|
Indinavir |
Crixivan |
PI |
MK-639 IDV |
800 mg q8 hr |
Kidney stones, hyperbilirubinemia (take on empty stomach) |
|
Nelfinavir |
Viracept |
PI |
AG-1343 NFV |
1,250 mg t.i.d. |
Diarrhea (take with food) |
|
Ritonavir |
Norvir |
PI |
ABT-538 RTV |
600 mg b.i.d. |
Asthenia, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, taste perversion (liquid), and circumoral and peripheral paresthesias; occasionally clients develop hepatitis; multiple important drug reactions |
|
Saquinavir |
Fortovase (soft gel capsule), Invirase (hard gel capsule) |
PI |
Ro3T-8959 SQV-SGC |
1,200 mg t.i.d, or 1,800 mg b.i.d. |
Take with meal or up to 2 hours after meal |
|
*b.i.d., two times a day **t.i.d., three times a day |
|||||
Figure 2-11: Summary of HIV Medication Schedules for NRTIs, NNRTIs, and PIs
|
Figure 2-11 |
||
|
NRTIs--must use two, along with another drug at the same time |
||
|
Medication |
Dosage |
Common side effects |
|
AZT, ZDV (Retrovir) Combivir is one pill containing AZT and lamivudine; it is not a different drug. |
Take 2 or 3 times daily, with or without food. |
May cause anemia. Some are afraid to take AZT because for many years it was used alone, but clients died anyway. In combination it can be far more effective. Do not combine with stavudine. |
|
Stavudine (Zerit) |
Take 2 times daily, with or without food. |
If numbness or tingling develops in the toes, see a medical professional. Do not combine with AZT. |
|
Lamivudine (Epivir) |
Take 2 times daily, with or without food. |
Active against hepatitis B. Discontinuing in the face of persistent hepatitis B can result in a flareup of hepatitis B. Do not combine with zalcitabine. Can be combined with AZT and called Combivir; can also be combined with didanosine. |
|
Didanosine (Videx) |
Take 1 or 2 times daily, without food. |
If numbness or tingling develops in the toes, see a medical professional. If persistent abdominal pain with or without vomiting develops, see a medical professional immediately. |
|
Zalcitabine (Hivid) |
Take 3 times daily, with or without food. |
If numbness or tingling develops in the toes, see a medical professional. Combines with AZT. |
|
Abacavir (Ziagen) |
Take 2 times daily. |
Warning: Fatal hypersensitivity reactions have been associated with therapy with abacavir. If symptoms of hypersensitivity occur (fever, rash, fatigue, gastrointestinal upset), client should discontinue use as soon as possible. It should not be restarted following such a reaction because more severe symptoms will recur within hours and may include life-threatening hypotension and death (from Ziagen package insert). |
|
NNRTIs--must use with at least two NRTIs |
||
|
Medication |
Dosage |
Common side effects |
|
Efavirenz (Sustiva) |
Take once daily, with or without food. |
Vivid dreams, dissociation. See medical professional if rash appears. |
|
Nevirapine (Viramune) |
Start once a day, then take 2 times daily, with or without food. |
See medical professional if rash appears. |
|
Delavirdine (Rescriptor) |
Take 3 times daily, with or without food. |
See medical professional if rash appears. |
|
Ritonavir (Norvir) |
Take 2 times daily, best with food. |
Often causes nausea and diarrhea, may cause numbness around the mouth. Multiple important drug reactions. |
|
Nelfinavir (Viracept) |
Take 3 times daily, best with food. |
Often causes nausea and diarrhea. |
|
Indinavir (Crixivan) |
Take 3 times daily, without food, drink plenty of water. |
Often causes kidney stones, some nausea and diarrhea. |
|
Saquinavir (Fortavase) |
3 times daily, must take with food. |
Some nausea and diarrhea. |
Figure 2-12: Methadone Interactions With HIV Medications
|
Figure 2-12 |
|
Significantly Reduces Methadone Levels
Reduces Methadone Levels
May Raise Methadone Levels
May Affect Methadone Levels
No Significant Effect on Methadone Levels
Source: Gourevitch and Friedland, 1999a. |
Figure 2-13: Prophylactic Regimens
|
Figure 2-13 |
|
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) |
|
Indications. All clients with CD4+ T cell counts of
200 or below; all clients with oral candidiasis, recurrent bacterial
infections, TB, and chronic constitutional symptoms; and all clients with a
history of PCP, regardless of CD4+ T cell count, should receive PCP
prophylaxis. |
|
Toxoplasmosis |
|
Indications. Positive antitoxoplasma antibody test,
especially for clients with CD4+ T cell counts < 100 and/or a history of
HIV symptomatic disease. |
|
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) |
|
Indications. Clients most at risk are those with
late-stage HIV disease (CD4+ T cell count < 50). |
|
Cryptococcosis |
|
Indications. Infrequent complication of HIV
infection. |
|
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) |
|
Indications. Recurrent HSV infection (most common
in the genital area). Likelihood of recurrence increases with declining CD4+
T cell count. No strict threshold for initiation of prophylaxis. |
Figure 2-14: Immunizations in HIV-Infected Clients
|
Figure 2-14 |
Source: CDC, 1993. |
Figure 2-15: Factors Hindering Food Consumption in HIV-Infected Clients
|
Figure 2-15 |
|
|
Problem |
Intervention |
|
Anorexia (poor appetite) |
Small, frequent meals; calorie- and protein-dense foods; relaxation techniques before meals; appetite stimulants (e.g., Megestrol acetate). Must investigate HIV medications as a potential cause of anorexia (e.g., ritonavir). |
|
Nausea |
Cold, bland, dry foods. Investigate HIV medications as a possible cause. |
|
Vomiting |
Liquid diet (temporarily). Eat when asymptomatic; antiemetics as needed. |
|
Diarrhea |
Use of bulking agents; fluid replacement. |
|
Early satiety |
Small, frequent meals. |
|
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) |
Evaluate for oral diseases, opportunistic infection, and CNS disease. Soft, blenderized or pureed foods or baby foods as tolerated; calorie- and protein-dense supplements. |
|
Odynophagia (pain when swallowing) |
Same as for dysphagia, plus avoidance of foods that cause pain (soda bubbles or citrus, spicy, or rough-textured foods). |
|
Difficult or painful chewing |
Same as for dysphagia and odynophagia, plus sucralfate slurry or viscous lidocaine swish before meals. |
|
WIDTH="60%"Source: New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute; adapted from Rakower and Galvin, 1989. |
|
Figure 3-1: Abbreviated San Francisco General Hospital Neuropsychiatric AIDS Rating Scale (NARS)
|
Figure 3-1 |
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|
Cognitive/Behavioral Domains |
||||||
|
NARS Staging |
Orientation |
Memory |
Motor |
Behavioral |
Problem Solving |
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) |
|
0 (normal) |
Fully oriented |
Normal |
Normal |
Normal |
Can solve everyday problems |
Fully capable of self-care |
|
0.5 (minor) |
Full oriented |
Complains of memory problems |
Fully ambulatory; slightly slowed movements |
Normal |
Has slight mental slowing |
Slight impairment in business dealings |
|
1 (mild) |
Fully oriented but may have brief periods of "spaciness" |
Mild memory problems |
Balance, coordination, and handwriting difficulties |
More irritable, labile, or apathetic and withdrawn |
Difficulty in planning and completing work |
Can do simple ADLs; may need prompting |
|
2 (moderate) |
Some disorientation |
Memory moderately impaired; new learning impaired |
Ambulatory but may require a cane |
Some impulsivity or agitated behavior |
Severe impairment; poor social judgment; gets lost easily |
Needs assistance with ADLs |
|
3 (severe) |
Frequent disorientation |
Severe memory loss; only fragments of memory remain |
Ambulatory with assistance |
May have an organic psychosis |
Judgment very poor |
Cannot live independently |
|
4 (end stage) |
Confused and disoriented |
Virtually no memory |
Bedridden |
Mute and unresponsive |
No problem-solving ability |
Nearly vegetative |
|
Source: The NARS was developed by A. Boccellari, Ph.D.; J.W. Dilley, M.D.; and I. Barlow, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco General Hospital, in collaboration with S. Hernendez and B. Haskell, San Francisco Department of Public Health. This figure was adapted from Price and Perry, 1994; Hughes et al., 1982; and the American Academy of Neurology, 1991. |
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Figure 3-2: Initial Mental Health Assessment for the HIV-Infected Substance Abuse Treatment Client
|
Figure 3-2 |
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Figure 3-3: Use of Medications for Psychiatric Disorders in HIV-Infected Substance Abusers
|
Figure 3-3 |
|
A hierarchical or stepwise strategy should be followed in
prescribing medications to HIV-infected substance abusers. Low doses of safer
and less abusable medications should be tried first, and higher doses or less
safe agents used only if the initial approach is ineffective.
Second Tier
Third Tier
Anxiety
Second Tier
Third Tier
Panic attacks
Second Tier
Mood Disorders
Second Tier
Third Tier
Fourth Tier
Bipolar disorder
Psychosis/Severe Manic States
|
Figure 3-4: Abuse Potential of Common Psychiatric Medications
|
Figure 3-4 |
|||
|
Medication Class |
High Abuse
Potential |
Moderate Abuse
Potential |
Low Abuse
Potential |
|
Sleep medications |
Benzodiazepines:
|
|
|
|
Antianxiety |
|
None |
|
|
Antidepressants |
|
None |
|
|
Mood stabilizers |
|
None |
|
|
Antipsychotics |
None |
None |
All, for example:
|
|
Anti-Parkinsonian medications |
None |
|
None |
|
Agents for treating substance abuse |
|
|
|
Figure 3-5: The San
Francisco--UCSF AIDS Health Project's AIDS Substance Abuse Program
|
|
|
This group, sponsored by San Francisco General Hospital,
is a popular support group for HIV-infected substance abusers who are ill or
recently discharged from the hospital. Groups meet in a conference room
adjacent to the main hospital cafeteria. Participants who are recovering from
substance use discuss their experiences of withdrawal, and current abusers
discuss the difficulties of discontinuing substance use. Members of the group
also discuss whether abstinence should be the goal of all members of the group. |
Figure 4-1: HIV/AIDS Risk
Assessment Checklist
|
|
|
Within the past 3 to 6 months, have you
When you have sex
When you use drugs
Positive answers for half or more of the questions should
indicate that the person is at high risk for HIV infection if current
practices continue. |
Figure 4-2: Sexual Risk-Reduction
Topics
|
|
Source: Paul, 1991a. |
Figure 4-3: Use of Bleach for
Disinfection of Drug Injection Equipment
|
|
|
On April 19, 1993, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse issued a joint bulletin updating recommendations to prevent HIV transmission through the use of bleach to disinfect drug injection equipment. Thebulletin particularly addresses persons who cannot or will not stop injecting drugs. This bulletin states that:
The bulletin contains provision recommendations for the
use of bleach to disinfect needles and syringes (including the recommendation
for using full-strength household bleach). CDC recommendations for
disinfecting environmental surfaces contaminated with blood are unchanged.
Staff of HIV prevention programs should review how the use
of bleach is currently taught and promoted and how injection drug users are
using bleach. The principles of bleach disinfection just described should be
incorporated into guidance provided to them. Program staff, outreach staff,
and drug users should work together to develop easily understood messages to
communicate these steps. |
Figure 4-4: Universal Precautions
for Substance Abuse Treatment Programs Treating HIV-Infected Clients
|
|
|
Transmission of HIV is highly unlikely within institutions
such as health care facilities, residential facilities, correctional
facilities, residences, and substance abuse treatment programs when universal
precautions are observed.
2. Use of Sharp Instruments
3. Other Precautions
Source: CDC, 1987b. |
Figure 5-1: Medicare and Medicaid
Coverage of Home Health and Hospice Services
|
|
||
|
Services |
Hospice |
Home Health |
|
Services even if client is not homebound |
Yes |
No |
|
Skilled nursing care |
Yes |
Yes |
|
Prescription medicines related to hospice diagnosis |
Yes |
No |
|
Medical equipment/supplies |
Yes |
Yes |
|
Home health aide |
Yes |
Limited |
|
Social work services/grief counseling |
Yes |
Limited |
|
Pastoral/spiritual counseling |
Yes |
No |
|
Respiratory therapy |
Yes |
Yes |
|
Short-term hospitalization for pain control and symptom
management |
Yes |
No |
|
Limited, intermittent, palliative radiation therapy |
Yes |
Yes |
|
Lab and x-ray for palliative care |
Yes |
Yes |
|
Bereavement counseling for family members |
Yes |
No |
|
Support groups |
Yes |
No |
|
Source: Adapted from handout created by Hospice
Care Team, Inc. |
||
Figure 5-2: Listening to Clients
|
|
|
The Hilltop Center program in Longview, Texas, has clearly laid out the expectation that staff members must listen to clients from the beginning to gain a real understanding of where these clients are in their lives. Staff members are asked not to use labels or tag clients with what may be judgmental treatment jargon, such as
Labels such as these do not help to develop an effective
intervention and treatment plan or help the client and counselor to start
working toward recovery. |
Figure 6-1: Helpful Questions To
Ask When Assessing a Client's Needs
|
|
|
Figure 6-2: Forming a
Multidisciplinary Team
|
|
|
Figure 7-1: Self-Inventory Comfort
Scale
|
|
|
Listed below are several situations in which a caregiver may find herself while working with a substance-abusing client. Rate your comfort level in response to each situation, with "1" being least comfortable and "5" being most comfortable.
|
Figure 7-2: Homophobia
Questionnaire for Counselors and Clients
|
|
|
Figure 7-3: Guidelines To Minimize
Cultural Clashes
|
|
Source: University of Hawaii AIDS Education
Project. |
Figure 7-4: The LEARN Model
|
|
|
L-Listen with empathy and understanding. Ask the
client, "What do you feel may be causing the problem? How does this
affect you?" |
Figure 7-5: Guidelines for Working
With Transgender Clients
|
|
|
|
Do |
Don't |
|
|
Figure 7-6: Reproductive
Decisionmaking Questions
|
|
|
Source: Dennison, 1998, p. 7.
|
|
Figure 7-7: Case Study:
Heterosexual Minority Men Living With HIV
|
|
|
|
One recent study recruited 18 HIV-positive, heterosexual,
minority men from an outpatient HIV/AIDS clinic in upstate New York and a
community-based AIDS service organization in New York City to explore the
experience of heterosexual minority men living with HIV. Findings revealed
that the experience of surviving HIV infection encompassed several stages. |
|
Figure 9-1: Sample Consent Form
|
|
|
Consent for the
Release of Confidential Information |
|
I, ___________________________, authorize XYZ Clinic to
receive |
|
from/disclose to ________________________________________ |
|
for the purpose of _______________________________________ |
|
the following
information__________________________________ |
|
I understand that my records are protected under the
Federal and State Confidentiality Regulations and cannot be disclosed without
my written consent unless otherwise provided for in the regulations. I also
understand that I may revoke this consent at any time except to the extent
that action has been taken in reliance on it and that in any event this
consent expires automatically on ____________________ unless otherwise
specified below. |
|
Other expiration specifications: |
|
_________________________ |
|
_________________________ |
|
________________________ |
Figure 9-2: Is There a Duty to
Warn Clients' Sexual or Needle-Sharing Partners Of Their Possible HIV
Infection?
Figure 9-3: Qualified Service Organization
Agreement
|
|
|
XYZ Service Center ("the Center") and the
_______________________________ |
|
("the Program") hereby enter into a qualified service organization agreement, whereby the Center agrees to provide
|
|
Furthermore, the Center: |
|
Executed this ____________ day of _____________________,
199_____ |